See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

ALTAR (See also:

• LAT

Lat. altare, from See also:

• ALIAS (Lat. for " at another time ")

alias, high; some See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)  , strictly a See also:

• BASE

base or See also:

• PEDESTAL (Fr. piedestal, Ital. piedestallo, foot of a stall)

pedestal used for supplication and See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice to gods or to deified heroes . The See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for such sacrificial See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture has been See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt in most religions, and consequently we find its use widespread among races and nations which have no mutual connexion . See also:

• MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia.—Altars are found from the earliest times in the remains of Babylonian cities; the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest are square erections of See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-dried bricks . In See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian mounds See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone and See also:

• ALABASTER
• ALABASTER, or ARBLASTIER, WILLIAM (1567-1640)

alabaster are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief material . They are of varying See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form; an See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar shown in a See also:

• RELIEF

relief at See also:

• KHORSABAD

Khorsabad is ornamented with stepped battlements, which are the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar " altar-horns " in See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual . An altar also from Khorsabad (now in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum) has a circular table and a solid base triangular on See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, with pilasters ornamented with animals' paws at the angles . A third variety, of which an 8th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century s,c. example from Nimrfid exists in the British Museum, is a rectangular See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block ornamented at the ends by cylindrical rolls . These altars are in height from 2 to 3 ft . According to See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus (i . 183) the See also:

• GREAT

great altars of Babylonia were made of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold . See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt.—In Egypt altars took the form of a truncated See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone or of a cubical block of polished• See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite or of See also:

• BASALT

basalt, with one or more See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin-like depressions in the upper See also:

• SURFACE

surface for receiving fluid libations . These had channels whereby fluids poured into the receptacles could be drained off .

The surface was See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, inscribed with dedicatory or other legends, or adorned with symbolical See also:

• CARVING

carving . See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine.—See also:

• RECENT

Recent excavations, especially at See also:

• GEZER

Gezer, have shown that the earliest altars, or rather sacrifice hearths, in Palestine were circular spaces marked out by small stones set on end . At Gezer a pre-Semitic See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship was found in which three such hearths stood together, and drained into a See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave which may reasonably be supposed to have been regarded as the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the divinity . These circular hearths pejsisted into the Canaanite See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, but were ultimately superseded by the Semitic developments . To the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive nomadic Semite the presence of the divinity was indicated by springs, shady trees, remarkable rocks and other landmarks; and from this earliest conception See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew the theory that a numen might be induced to take up an See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode in an artificial heap of stones, or a See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar set upright for the purpose . The See also:

• BLOOD

blood of the victim was poured over the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone as an offering to the divinity dwelling within it; and from this conception of the stone arose the further and final view, that the stone was a table on which the victim was to be burned . Very few specimens of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Palestinian altars remain . The megalithic structures See also:

• COMMON

common in the Hauran and See also:

• MOAB

Moab may be entirely sepulchral . At Gezer no definite altar was discovered in the great High Place; though it is possible that a See also:

• BANK

bank of intensely hard compact See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, in which were embedded a large number of human skulls, took its place . A very remarkable altar, at See also:

• PRESENT

present unique, was found at Taanach by the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian excavators . It is pyramidal in shape, and the surface is ornamented with human-headed animals in relief . This, like the earliest Babylonian altars, is of baked earth .

The Old Testament conception of the altar varies with the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of religious development . In the pre-Deuteronomic period altars are erected in any place where there had appeared to be a manifestation of deity, or under any circumstance in which the aid of deity was invoked; not by heretical individuals, but by the acknowledged religious leaders, such as See also:

• NOAH (ni, rest; Septuagint, New Testament, Philo, Josephus, Na*, N&i os, Nweos: Vulg. Noe)

Noah at See also:

• ARARAT
• ARARAT (Armen. Massis, Turk. Egri Dagh, i.e. " Painful Mountain," Pers. Koh-i-Nuh, i.e. " Mountain of Noah,")

Ararat, See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham at See also:

• SHECHEM (mod. Nablus)

Shechem, See also:

• BETHEL (Heb. " House of God ")

Bethel &c., See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac at See also:

• BEERSHEBA

Beersheba, See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob at Bethel, See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses at Rephidim, See also:

• JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua at Ebal, See also:

• GIDEON (in Hebrew, perhaps " hewer " or " warrior ")

Gideon at Ophrah, See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel at Ramah, See also:

• ELIJAH (a Hebrew name meaning " Yah[weh] is God ")

Elijah at See also:

• CARMEL

Carmel, and others . These primitive altars were of the simplest possible description —in fact they were required to be so by the regulation affecting them, preserved in See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

Exodus xx . 24, which prescribes that in every place where Yahweh records his name an altar of earth or of unhewn stone, without steps or other extraneous ornamentation, shall be erected . The priestly regulations affecting altars are of a very elaborate nature, and are framed with a single See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye to the essential theory of later Hebrew worship—the centralization of all worship at one See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine . These recognize two altars, which by the authors of this portion of the See also:

• PENTATEUCH

Pentateuch are placed from the first in the See also:

• TABERNACLE
• TABERNACLE (Lat. tabernaculum, a hut, tent)

tabernacle in the See also:

• WILDERNESS

wilderness—a theory which is inconsistent with the other evidences of the nature of the earlier Hebrew worship, to which we have just alluded . The first of these altars is that for burnt-offering . This altar was in the centre of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of the tabernacle, of See also:

• ACACIA

acacia See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, 3 cubits high and 5 square . It was covered with See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, was provided with " horns " at the corners (like those of See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria), hollow in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle, and with rings on the sides into which the staves for its transportation could be run (Ex. See also:

• XXVII

xxvii . 1-8) . The altar of the Solomonic See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple is on similar lines, but much larger . It is now generally recognized that the description of the tabernacle altar is intended to provide a precedent for this vast structure, which would otherwise be inconsistent with the traditional view of the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple Hebrew altars .

In the second temple a new altar was built after the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of the former (r Macc. iv . 47) of " whole stones from the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain." In See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod's temple the altar was again built after the same See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model . It is described by See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus (v . 5 . 6) as 15 cubits high and 50 cubits square, with See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle horns, and with an " insensible acclivity " leading up to it (a See also:

• DEVICE

device to evade the pre-Deuteronomic regulation about steps) . It was made without any use of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, and no iron See also:

• TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

tool was ever allowed to See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch it . The bloodand refuse were discharged through a drain into the See also:

• BROOK

brook Kedron; this drain probably still remains, in the Bir el-Arwah, under the See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

Dome of the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock " in the See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque which covers the site of the temple . The second altar was the altar of See also:

• INCENSE

incense, which was in the See also:

• HOLY

holy place of the tabernacle . It was of similar construction to the altar of burnt-offering, but smaller, being 2 cubits high and r cubit square (Ex. See also:

• XXX

xxx. i-5) . It was overlaid with gold . See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon's altar of incense (i K. vi . 20) is referred to in a problematical passage from which it would appear to have been of See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar .

But the authenticity of the passages describing the altar of incense in the tabernacle, and the historicity of the corresponding altar in Solomon's temple, are matters of keen dispute among critics . The incense altar in the second temple was removed by See also:

• ANTIOCHUS

Antiochus Epiphanes (r Macc. i . 21) and restored by Judas Maccabaeus (1 Macc. iv . 49) . That in the temple of Herod is referred to in See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke i. rr . The ritual uses of these altars are sufficiently explained by their names . On the. first was a See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire continually burning, in which the burnt-offerings were consumed . On the second an offering of incense was made twice a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . In the pre-Deuteronomic passage, Exodus xxi . 14i the use of the altar as an See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum is postulated, though denied to the wilful murderer . This is a survival of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient belief that the deity resided in the pillar or stone-heap, and that the fugitive was placing himself under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the See also:

• LOCAL

local numen by seeking See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary . From i See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings i .

5o it would appear that the suppliant caught hold of the altar-horns (compare r Kings ii . 28), as though See also:

• SPECIAL

special protective virtue resided in this important though obscure See also:

• PART

part of the structure . See also:

• GREECE

Greece and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome.—According to the difference in the service for which they were employed, altars See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into two classes . Those of the first class were pedestals, so small and See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low that the suppliant could kneel upon them; these stood inside the temples, in front of the sacred See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image . The second class consisted of larger tables destined for burnt sacrifice; these were placed in the open See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, and, if connected with a temple, in front of the entrance . Possibly altars of the former class were in See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical times substitutes for, and rendered the same service as, the bases of the sacred images within the temples in earlier ages . In this See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the altar of See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo at See also:

• DELPHI (the Pytho of Homer and Herodotus; in Boeotian inscriptions BeA4oi, on coins Aa)tg5oi)

Delphi, upon which on the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek vases See also:

• NEOPTOLEMUS (also called PYRRxus)

Neoptolemus is frequently represented as taking See also:

• REFUGE

refuge from See also:

• ORESTES

Orestes, might be regarded as the pedestal of an invisible image of the See also:

• GOD

god, and as fulfilling the same See also:

• FUNCTION

function as did the base of the actual image of Athene in See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy, towards which See also:

• CASSANDRA

Cassandra fled from See also:

• AJAX
• AJAX (Gr. Alas)

Ajax . The second class of altars, called flu pot by the Greeks and altaria by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, appears to have originated in temporary constructions such as heaps of earth, See also:

• TURF

turf or stone, made for kindling a sacrificial fire as occasion required . But sacrifices to earth divinities were made on the earth itself, and those to the infernal deities in sunk hollows (Odyss. x . 25; See also:

• FESTUS (? RuFUS or RUFIUS)
• FESTUS, SEXTUS POMPEIUS

Festus s. v . Altaria) . The See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note of See also:

• EUSTATHIUS
• EUSTATHIUS, or EUMATHIUS

Eustathius (Odyss. xii .

252) perhaps indicates some customs reminiscent of a primitive antiquity in which the sacrifice was made without an altar at all . He says airofwpaa r va iepa (Iv o$K hri fwpoii b KaOaycvpas OA' Frri i 4 ovs —" some holy places away from altars, whose offering is made not on an altar but on the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor." See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias (vi . 20 . 7) speaks of an altar at See also:

• OLYMPIA

Olympia made of unbaked bricks . In some primitive holy shrines the bones and ashes of the victims sacrificed were allowed to accumulate, and upon this new fires were kindled . Altars so raised were, like most religious survivals, considered as endowed with particular sanctity; the most remarkable recorded instances of such are the altars of See also:

• HERA

Hera at See also:

• SAMOS

Samos, and of See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

Pan at Olympia (Paus. v . 14 . 6; v . 15 . 5), of Heracles at See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes (Paus. ix. rt . 7), and of See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus at Olympia (Paus. v . 13 .

5) . The last-mentioned stood on a See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform (vpo8voar) measuring 125 ft. in circumference, and led up to by steps, the altar itself being 22 ft. high . See also:

• WOMEN

Women were excluded from the platform . Where hecatombs were sacrificed, the rp6evats necessarily assumed See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal proportions, as in the case of the altar at Parion, where it measured on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side 600 ft . The altar of Apollo at See also:

• DELOS

Delos (6 Kepanvos f wpGs) was made of the horns of goats believed to have been slain by See also:

• DIANA

Diana; while at See also:

• MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus was an altar composed of the blood of victims sacrificed (Pans. v . 13 . 6) . The altar at Phorae in See also:

• ACHAEA

Achaea was of unhewn stones (Pans. vii . 22 . 3) . The altar used at the festival in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of See also:

• DAEDALUS

Daedalus on Mt . See also:

• CITHAERON

Cithaeron was of wood, and was consumed along with the sacrifice (Paus. ix .

3 . 4) . Others of See also:

• BRONZE

bronze are mentioned . But these were exceptional, the .usual material of an altar was See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, and its form, both among the Greeks and Romans, was either square or See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round; polygonal altars, of which examples still exist, being exceptions . When sculptured decorations were added they frequently took the form of imitations of the actual festoons with which it was usual to See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament altars, or of symbols, such as crania and horns of oxen, referring to the victims sacrificed . As a See also:

• RULE

rule, the altars which existed apart from temples See also:

• BORE

bore the name of the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person by whom they were dedicated and the names of the deities in whose service they were, or, if not the name, some obvious See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the deity . Such, for example, is the purpose of the figures of the See also:

• MUSES, THE (Gr. Mo6o-at, the thinkers)

Muses on an altar dedicated to them, now to be seen in the British Museum . An altar was retained for the service of one particular god, except where through local tradition two or more deities had become intimately associated, as in the case of the altar at Olympia to See also:

• ARTEMIS

Artemis. and See also:

• ALPHEUS ('AAdseaos; mod. Ruphia)

Alpheus jointly, or that of See also:

• POSEIDON

Poseidon and See also:

• ERECHTHEUS

Erechtheus in the See also:

• ERECHTHEUM

Erechtheum at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens . The most remarkable instance of multiple See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication was, however, at See also:

• OROPUS

Oropus, where the altar was divided into five parts, one dedicated to Heracles, Zeus and Paean Apollo, a second to heroes and their wives, a third to See also:

• HESTIA

Hestia, See also:

• HERMES
• HERMES, GEORG (1775-1831)

Hermes, See also:

• AMPHIARAUS

Amphiaraus and the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of See also:

• AMPHILOCHUS

Amphilochus, a See also:

• FOURTH

fourth to See also:

• APHRODITE

Aphrodite See also:

• PANACEA (Gr. lravaKeia, all-healing, from was, all, and aueioOae, to heal)

Panacea, See also:

• JASON ('Iaacov)

Jason, See also:

• HEALTH

Health, and Healing Athene, and the fifth to the See also:

• NYMPHS

Nymphs, Pan, and the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers Archelous and Cephissus (Pans. i . 34 . 2) . Such deities were styled oGpfIcvpot, each having a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate part of the altar (Pans. i .

34 . 2) . Other terms are arywvtoc, or dpo(3ia aoe . Deities of an inferior See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, who were conceived as working together—e.g. the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind gods—had an altar in common . In the same way, the "unknown gods " were regarded as a unit, and had in Athens and at Olympia one altar for all (Paus. i . 1 . 4; V . 14 . 5; cf . Acts of Apostles, xvii . 18) . An altar to all the gods is mentioned by See also:

• AESCHYLUS (525–456 B.c.)

Aeschylus (SUP P1 .

222) . Among the exceptional classes of altars are also to be mentioned those on which fire could not be kindled (l3wpol 6-repot), and those which were kept See also:

• FREE

free from blood (/3wpoi avaiparcroe), of which in both respects the altar of Zeus Hypatos at Athens was an example . The lvria was a round altar; the Euxapa, one employed apparently for sacrifice to inferior deities or heroes (but iaXapa 4'oi/3ou, Aesch . Pers . 205) . In Rome an altar erected in front of a statue of a god was always required to be See also:

• LOWER

lower than the statue itself (See also:

• VITRUVIUS (MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO)

Vitruvius iv . 9) . Altars were always places of refuge, and even criminals and slaves were there safe, violence offered to them being insults to the gods whose suppliants the refugees were for the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time being . They were also taken hold of by the Greeks when making their most See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn oaths . Ancient See also:

• AMERICA

America.—As a single specimen of an altar, wholly unrelated to any of the foregoing, we may cite the ancient Mexican example described by W . See also:

• BULLOCK, WILLIAM (c. 1657-c. 1740)

Bullock (Six Months in See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1824, p . 335) .

This was cylindrical, 25 ft. in circumference, with See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture representing the conquests of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national warriors in fifteen different See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups round the side.' Portable altars and tables of offerings were used in pre-See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian as well as in Christian ritual . One such was discovered in the Gezer excavations, dating about 200 B.C . It was a slab of polished limestone about 6 in. square with five cups in its upper surface . Another from the same place was a small cubical block of limestone bearing a dedication to Heracles . They have also been found in Assyria . See also:

• POCKET

Pocket altars are still used in some forms of worship in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . See the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of the Royal See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic Society, 1852, p . 71 . ' Bullock also says (p . 354) that the altar in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• VILLAGE

village of S .