See also:

• ALVA
• ALVA, or ALBA, FERNANDO ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO, DUKE OF, (1508-1583)

ALVA, or See also:

• ALBA

ALBA, FERNANDO See also:

• ALVAREZ, DON JOSE (1768-1827)
• ALVAREZ, DON MANUEL (1727-1797)
• ALVAREZ, FRANCISCO (c. 1465-1541?)

ALVAREZ DE See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

TOLEDO, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

DUKE OF, (1508-1583)  , See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish soldier, descended from one of the most illustrious families in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1508 . His See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand of See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo, educated him in military See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and politics; and he was engaged with distinction at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia while still a youth . Selected for a military command by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V., he took See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• TUNIS

Tunis (1535), and success-fully defended See also:

• PERPIGNAN

Perpignan against the dauphin of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . He was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the battle of See also:

• MUHLBERG

Muhlberg (1541), and the victory gained there over See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony was due mainly to his exertions . He took part in the subsequent siege of See also:

• WITTENBERG

Wittenberg, and presided at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial which tried the elector and condemned him to See also:

• DEATH

death . In 1552 See also:

• ALVA
• ALVA, or ALBA, FERNANDO ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO, DUKE OF, (1508-1583)

Alva was intrusted with the command of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army intended to invade France, and was engaged for several months in an unsuccessful siege of See also:

• METZ

Metz . In consequence of the success of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French arms in See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont, he was made See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of all the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor's forces in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, and at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time invested with unlimited See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . Success did not, however, attend his first attempts, and after several unfortunate attacks he was obliged to retire into See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter quarters . After theabdication of Charles he was continued in the command by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II., who, however, restrained him from extreme See also:

• MEASURES

measures . Alva had subdued the whole Campagna and was at the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, when he was compelled by Philip's orders to negotiate a See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . One of its terms was that the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Alva should in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person ask forgiveness of the haughty pontiff whom he had conquered . Proud as the duke was by nature, and accustomed to treat with persons of the highest dignity, he confessed his See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice failed him at the interview and his presence of mind forsook him .

Not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after this (1559) he was sent at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a splendid See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris to espouse, in the name of his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, daughter of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of France . In 1567, Philip, who was a bigoted See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, sent Alva into the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands at the head of an army of ro,000 men, with unlimited See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers for the extirpation of heretics . When he arrived he goon showed how much he merited the confidence which his master reposed in him, and instantly erected a tribunal which soon became known to its victims as the " Court of See also:

• BLOOD

Blood," to try all persons who had been engaged in the See also:

• LATE

late commotions which the See also:

• CIVIL

civil and religious tyranny of Philip had excited . He imprisoned the See also:

• COUNTS

counts See also:

• EGMONT (EGMOND), LAMORAL, COUNT OF
• EGMONT, EARLS OF

Egmont and See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

Horn, the two popular leaders of the Protestants, brought them to an unjust trial and condemned them to death . In a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time he totally annihilated every See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, and with unrelenting See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty put multitudes of them to death . The executioner was employed in removing all those See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends of freedom whom the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword had spared . In most of the considerable towns Alva built citadels . In the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp he erected a statue of himself, which was a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument no less of his vanity than of his tyranny : he was figured trampling on the necks of two smaller statues, representing the two estates of the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries . His See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to raise See also:

• MONEY

money by imposing the Spanish alcabala, a tax of 5 % on all sales, aroused the opposition of the Catholic Netherlands themselves . The exiles from the Low Countries, encouraged by the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general resistance to his See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, fitted out a See also:

• FLEET

fleet of privateers, and after strengthening themselves by successful depredations, ventured upon the bold exploit of seizing the See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• BRIELLE (Briel or Bril)

Brielle . Thus Alva by his cruelty became the unwitting See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument of the future See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of the seven Dutch provinces . The fleet of the exiles, having met the Spanish fleet, totally defeated it, and reduced See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and See also:

• MONS (Flemish Bergen)

Mons .

Many cities hastened to throw off the yoke; while the states-general, assembling at See also:

• DORDRECHT (abbreviated Dordt, or Dort)

Dordrecht, openly declared against Alva's government, and marshalled under the See also:

• BANNERS, FEAST OF (Jap. Nobori-no-Sekku)

banners of the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange . Alva's preparations to oppose the gathering See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm were made with his usual vigour, and he succeeded in recovering Mons, Mechlin and See also:

• ZUTPHEN, or ZUTFEN

Zutphen, under the conduct of his son See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick . With the exception of See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand and Holland, he regained all the provinces; and at last his son stormed Naarden, and massacring its inhabitants, proceeded to invest the city of See also:

• HAARLEM

Haarlem,which, after See also:

• STANDING

standing an obstinate siege, was taken and pillaged . Their next attack was upon See also:

• ALKMAAR

Alkmaar; but the spirit of desperate resistance was raised to such a height in the breasts of the Hollanders that the Spanish veterans were repulsed with See also:

• GREAT

great loss and Frederick constrained reluctantly to retire . Alva's feeble See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• HEALTH

health and continued disasters induced him to solicit his recall from the government of the Low Countries; a measure which, in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability, was not displeasing to Philip, who was now resolved to make trial of a milder See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1573 the much-oppressed See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country was relieved from the presence of the duke of Alva, who, returning See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home accompanied by his son, made the infamous boast that during the course of six years, besides the multitudes destroyed in battle and massacred after victory, he had consigned 18,000 persons to the executioner . On his return he was treated for some time with great distinction by Philip . A tardy and imperfect See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, however, overtook him, when he was banished from court and confined in the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Uzeda for complicity in certain disgraceful conduct of his son . Here he had remained two years, when the success of See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio in assuming the See also:

• CROWN

crown of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal determined Philip to turn his eyes towards Alva as the person in whose fidelity and abilities he could most confide . A secretary was instantly despatched to Alva to ascertain whether his health was. sufficiently vigorous to enable him to undertake the command. of an army . The aged chief returned an See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer full of loyal zeal, and was immediately appointed to the supreme command in Portugal . It is a striking fact, however, that the liberation and See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of Alva were not followed by forgiveness .

In 1581 Alva entered Portugal, defeated Antonio, drove him from the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, and soon reduced the whole under the subjection of Philip . Entering See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon he seized an immense treasure, ' and suffered his soldiers, with their accustomed violence and rapacity, to See also:

• SACK

sack the suburbs and vicinity . It is reported that Alva, being requested to give an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the money expended on that occasion. sternly replied, " If the king asks See also:

• ROE (or Row), SIR THOMAS (c. 1581—1644)
• ROE, EDWARD PAYSON (1838-1888)

roe for an account, I will make him a statement of kingdoms preserved or conquered, of See also:

• SIGNAL

signal victories, of successful sieges and of sixty years' service." Philip deemed it proper to make no further inquiries . Alva, however, did not enjoy the honours and rewards of his last expedition, for he died in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1583 at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of 74 .