See also:

• AMATEUR (Lat. amator, lover)

AMATEUR (See also:

• LAT

Lat. amator, See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover)  , a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person who takes See also:

• PART

part in any See also:

• ART

art, See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft, See also:

• GAME

game or See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of the See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure affordedby the occupation itself and not for pecuniary gain . Being thus a person for whom the pursuit in question is a recreation and not a business, and who therefore presumably devotes to it a portion only of his leisure and not his working See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, the See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• AMATEUR (Lat. amator, lover)

amateur possesses less skill than the average professional, whose livelihood and reputation depend on his,proficiency, and who therefore concentrates all his energies on the task of attaining the greatest possible mastery in his chosen career . In the arts, such as See also:

• MUSIC

music, See also:

• PAINTING

painting and the See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama, the best amateurs are outdistanced as executants not merely by the best professionals but by professionals far below the highest See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank; and although the inferiority of the amateur is not perhaps so pronounced or so universal in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games and outdoor See also:

• SPORTS
• SPORTS, THE BOOK OF

sports, the records of such pastimes as See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-racing, See also:

• BOXING (M.E. box, a blow, probably from Dan. bask, a buffet)

boxing, See also:

• ROWING (O. Eng. rowan, to row, cf. Lat. remus, Gr. perµbr, oar)

rowing, See also:

• BILLIARDS

billiards, See also:

• TENNIS (sometimes called royal tennis, and, in America, court tennis)

tennis and See also:

• GOLF (in its older forms GOFF, GOUFF or GOWFF, the last of which gives the genuine old pronunciation)

golf prove that here also the same contrast is generally to, be found . Hence it has come about that the See also:

• TERM

term "amateur," and more especially the adjectival derivative " amateurish," has acquired a secondary meaning, usually employed somewhat contemptuously, signifying inefficiency, unskilfulness, superficial knowledge or training . The immense increase in popularity of athletic contests and games of all kinds in See also:

• MODERN

modern times, and especially the keen competition for records " and championships, often of an See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, have made it a See also:

• MATTER

matter of importance to arrive` at a clear and formal See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of the amateur as distinguished from the professional . The See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, straightforward definition of the amateur given above has been proved to be easily evaded . Many leading cricketers, for example, preserve their amateur status who, although they are not paid See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages for each match they See also:

• PLAY

play like their professional colleagues, are provided with an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual income by their See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county or See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club under the See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

guise of See also:

• SALARY

salary for performing the duties of " secretary" or some other See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, leaving them See also:

• FREE

free to play the game six days a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week . Similarly, gentlemen riders " are often presented with a See also:

• CASH

cash See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment described as a See also:

• BET

bet, or under some other pretext . Nor is the dividing-See also:

• LINE

line between " out-of-See also:

• POCKET

pocket expenses " allowed to the amateur and the remuneration payable to the professional always strictly See also:

• DRAWN

drawn . The various associations controlling the different branches of sport have therefore devised working, regulations to be observed so far as their See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction extends . Thus the Amateur Athletic Association of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain defines an amateur as " one who has never competed for a See also:

• MONEY

money See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize or staked bet, or with or against a professional for any prize, .or who has never taught, pursued or assisted in the practice of athletic exercises as a means of obtaining a livelihood." The rules of the Amateur Rowing Association are stricter, denying amateur status to anyone who has ever steered or rowed in a See also:

• RACE

race with a professional for any prize, or who is or has been by See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade or employment for wages a mechanic, See also:

• ARTISAN, or ARTIZAN

artisan or labourer, or engaged in any See also:

• MENIAL

menial See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty, besides insisting upon the usual restrictions in regard to taking money and competing with professionals . In association See also:

• FOOTBALL

football the rules are much more lax, for although amateurs are 'clearly distinguished from professionals, an amateur may even become a See also:

• REGULAR

regular member, though unsalaried, of a professional team without losing his amateur status .

The See also:

• RUGBY

Rugby game was, up to 1895, entirely controlled by the Rugby Football See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, which, by the strictness of its See also:

• LAWS

laws, effectually prevented the growth of professionalism, but there had been much dissatisfaction in the provinces with the Union's decision against reimbursing See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day-working players for " broken See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time," 'i.e. for that part of 'their wages which they lost by playing on working days, and this resulted in the formation (1895) of the See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern Union, which permits remuneration for "broken time," but allows no person who See also:

• WORKS

works for his living to play football unless regularly employed at his particular trade . In See also:

• AMERICA

America the amateur' question is less complicated than in Great Britain; but the intensely business-like character of See also:

• AMERICAN

American ideas of sport has encouraged the modern spirit of professionalism . All important sports in America, except baseball, football, See also:

• CRICKET
• CRICKET (Gryllidae)

cricket, golf and rowing, are, however, under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the Amateur Athletic Union of the See also:

• UNITED

United States, the rules of which, so far as they relate to professionalism, are as follows . No person shall be eligible to compete in any athletic See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting, game or entertainment, given or sanctioned by this Union, who has (1) received or competed for See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation or See also:

• REWARD

reward in any See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form for the display, exercise or example of his skill or knowledge of any athletic exercise, or for rendering See also:

• PERSONAL

personal service of any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind to any athletic organization, or for becoming or continuing a member of any athletic organization; or (2) has entered any competition under a name other than his own, or from a club of which he was not at that time a member in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• STANDING

standing; or (3) has knowingly entered any competition open to any professional or professionals, or has knowingly competed with any professional for any prize or token; or (4) has issued or allowed to be issued in his behalf any See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge to compete against any professional or for money; or (5) has pawned, bartered or sold any prize won in athletic competition . It will be seen that by See also:

• RULE

rule 3 the American Union enacts a See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard for all athletes not much different from that of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Amateur Rowing Association . The rules for the sports not within the Union's jurisdiction are practically the same, except that in baseball, cricket and golf amateurs may compete with professionals, though not for cash prizes . In the case of open golf competitions professional prize-winners receive cash, while amateurs are given See also:

• PLATE

plate to the value of their prizes as in Great Britain . There are practically no professional football players in America . On both sides of the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic the question of the employment of professional coaches has occasioned much discussion . In America it has been accepted as legal . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the same is almost universally true, but there are certain exceptions, such as the decision of the See also:

• HENLEY, JOHN (1692-1759)
• HENLEY, WILLIAM ERNEST (1849-1903)

Henley Regatta See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee, that no See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew entering may be coached by a professional within two months of the race-day . Whether such a regulation be See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise or the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse is a question that depends upon the spirit in which games are regarded .

Nobody wants to disparage proficiency; but if a game is conducted on business methods, the " game " See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element tends to be minimized, and if its See also:

• OBJECT

object is pecuniary it ceases to be " sport " in the old sense, and the old See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the " amateur" who indulges in it for love of the See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere enjoyment tends to disappear .