AMAZONS  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient legendary nation of See also:

• FEMALE

female warriors . They were said to have lived in See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus near the See also:

• SHORE

shore of the AMAZONS Euxine See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, where they formed an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom under the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of a See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital being Themiscyra on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• RIVER

river Thermodon (See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus iv . 110-117) . From this centre they made numerous warlike excursions—to See also:

• SCYTHIA (Gr. EKuOia)

Scythia, See also:

• THRACE

Thrace, the coasts of See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor and the islands of the See also:

• AEGEAN

Aegean, even penetrating to See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia, See also:

• SYRIA

Syria and See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . They were supposed to have founded many towns, amongst them See also:

• SMYRNA (Ismir)

Smyrna, See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus, See also:

• SINOPE

Sinope, See also:

• PAPHOS

Paphos . According to another See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, they originally came to the Thermodon from the Palus Maeotis (Sea of See also:

• AZOV
• AZOV, SEA OF

Azov) . No men were permitted to reside in their See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; but once a See also:

• YEAR

year, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to prevent their See also:

• RACE

race from dying out, they visited the Gargareans, a neighbouring tribe . The male See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children who Were the result of these visits were either put to See also:

• DEATH

death or sent back to their fathers; the female were kept and brought up by their mothers, and trained in agricultural pursuits, See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting, and the See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war (See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo xi. p . 503) . It is said that their right See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast was cut off or burnt out, in order that they might be able to use the See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow more freely; hence the ancient derivation of 'Aµ! oves from a-µa0s, "without breast." But there is no indication of this practice in See also:

• WORKS

works of art, in which the Amazons are always represented with both breasts, although the right is frequently covered . Other suggested derivations are: a (intensive) and µa0s, breast, " full-breasted "; it (privative) and µavow, See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch, " not touching men "; maza, a Circassian word said to signify " See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon, has suggested their connexion with the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of a 'See also:

• NOON

noon-goddess, perhaps the See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic representative of See also:

• ARTEMIS

Artemis . The Amazons appear in connexion with several See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek legends .

They invaded See also:

• LYCIA

Lycia, but were defeated by See also:

• BELLEROPHON, or BELLEROPHONTES

Bellerophon, who was sent out against them by Iobates, the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of that country, in the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope that he might meet his death at their hands (Iliad, vi . 186) . They attacked the Phrygians, who were assisted by See also:

• PRIAM (Gr. IlpLauos)

Priam, then a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man (Iliad, iii . 189), although in his later years, towards the end of the Trojan war, his old opponents took his See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side against the Greeks under their queen Penthesileia, who was slain by See also:

• ACHILLES
• ACHILLES (Gr. 'AxtXXeus)

Achilles (Quint . Smyr. i.; See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin ii . 4; See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil, Aen. i . 490) . One of the tasks imposed upon Heracles by Eurystheus was to obtain See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the See also:

• GIRDLE (O. Eng. gyrdel, from gyrdan, to gird; cf. Ger. Gurtel, Dutch gordel, from giirten and gorden; "gird" and its doublet " girth " together with the other Teutonic cognates have been referred by some to the root ghar—to seize, enclose, seen in Gr. )(s

girdle of the Amazonian queen Hippolyte (See also:

• APOLLODORUS

Apollodorus ii . 5) . He was accompanied by his friend See also:

• THESEUS

Theseus, who carried off the princess See also:

• ANTIOPE

Antiope, See also:

• SISTER

sister of Hippolyte, an incident which led to a retaliatory invasion of See also:

• ATTICA

Attica, in which Antiope perished fighting by the side of Theseus . The Amazons are also said to have undertaken an expedition against the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Leuke, at the mouth of the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube, where the ashes of Achilles had been deposited by See also:

• THETIS

Thetis . The See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

ghost of the dead See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero appeared and so terrified the horses, that they threw and trampled upon the invaders, who were forced to retire .

They are heard of in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time'of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander the See also:

• GREAT

Great, when their queen Thalestris visited him and became a See also:

• MOTHER

mother by him, and See also:

• POMPEY

Pompey is said to have found them in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of See also:

• MITHRADATES

Mithradates . The origin of the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the Amazons has been the subject of much discussion . While some regard them as a purely mythical See also:

• PEOPLE

people, others assume an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation for them . The deities worshipped by them were See also:

• ARES

Ares (who is consistently assigned to them as a See also:

• GOD

god of war, and as a god of, Thracian and generally See also:

• NORTHERN

northern origin) and Artemis, not the usual Greek goddess of that name, but an Asiatic deity in some respects her See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent . It is conjectured that the Amazons were originally the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple-servants and priestesses (hierodulae) of this goddess; and that the removal of the breast corresponded with the self-See also:

• MUTILATION (from Lat. mutilus, maimed)

mutilation of the galli, or priests, of See also:

• RHEA

Rhea See also:

• CYBELE, or CYBEBE (Gr. Ku/3X, Ku,(3i7sn)

Cybele . Another theory is that, as the knowledge of See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography extended, travellers brought back reports of tribes ruled entirely by See also:

• WOMEN

women, who carried out the duties which elsewhere were regarded as See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to man, in whom alone the rights of See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility and See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance were vested, and who had the supreme See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of affairs . Hence arose the belief in the Amazons as a nation of female warriors, organized and governed entirely by women . According to J . Viirtheim (De Ajacis origine, 19o7), the Amazons were of Greek origin: " all the Amazons were Dianas, as See also:

• DIANA

Diana herself was an See also:

• AMAZON

Amazon." It has been suggested that the fact of the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of the Amazons being assigned to the two famous heroes of Greek See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology, Heracles and Theseus—who in the tasks assigned to them were generally opposed to monsters and beings impossible in themselves, but possible as illustrations of permanent danger and damage,—shows that they were mythical illustrations of the dangers which beset the Greeks on the coasts of Asia Minor; rather perhaps, it may be intended to represent the conflict between the Greek culture of the colonies on the Euxine and the barbarism of the native inhabitants . In works of art, combats between Amazons and Greeks are placed on the same level as and often associated with combats of Greeks and See also:

• CENTAURS

centaurs . The belief in their existence, however, having been once accepted and introduced into the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• POETRY

poetry and art, it became necessary to surround them as far as possible with the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of not unnatural beings . Their occupation was hunting and war; their arms the bow, See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear, See also:

• AXE (0. Eng. aex; a word common, in different forms, in the Teutonic languages, and akin to the Greek 41v17; the New English Dictionary prefers the spelling " ax ")

axe, a See also:

• HALF

half See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield, nearly in the shape of a See also:

• CRESCENT (Lat. crescens, growing)

crescent, called pelta, and in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early art a See also:

• HELMET (from an obsolete diminutive of O. Fr. helme, mod. heaume; the English word is " helm," as in O. Eng., Dutch and Ger.; all are from the Teutonic base hal-, pre-Teut. kal-, to cover; cf. Lat. celare, to hide, Eng. " hell," &c.)

helmet, the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model before the Greek mind having apparently been the goddess See also:

• ATHENA (the Attic form of the Homeric Athene, also called Athenaia, Pallas Athene, Pallas)

Athena .

In later art they approach the model of Artemis, wearing a thin See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress, girt high for See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed; while on the later painted vases their dress is often peculiarly See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian—that is, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close-fitting See also:

• TROUSERS

trousers and a high cap called the kidaris . They were usually on horseback but sometimes on See also:

• FOOT

foot . The See also:

• BATTLE

battle between Theseus and the Amazons is a favourite subject on the friezes of temples (e.g. the reliefs from the See also:

• FRIEZE

frieze of the temple of See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo at Bassae, now in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum), vases and See also:

• SARCOPHAGUS (Gr. vapsorg yos, literally " flesh-eating," from vapt, flesh, ¢ayeiv, to eat)

sarcophagus reliefs; at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens it was represented on the shield of the statue of Athena Parthenos, on See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall-paintings in the Theseum and in the Poikile Stela . Many of the sculptors of antiquity, including See also:

• PHEIDIAS

Pheidias, See also:

• POLYCLITUS

Polyclitus, See also:

• CRESILAS

Cresilas and Phradmon, executed statues of Amazons; and there are many existing reproductions of these . - The See also:

• HISTORY

history of Bohemia affords a parallel to the Greek Amazons . During the 8th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century a large See also:

• BAND

band of women, under a certain Vlasta, carried on war against the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Bohemia, and enslaved or put to death all men who See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into their hands . In the 16th century the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish explorer Orellana asserted that he had come into conflict with fighting women in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America on the river Maranon, which was named after them the Amazon (q.v.) or river of the Amazons, although others derive its name from the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian amassona (See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat-destroyer), applied to the tidal phenomenon known as the " See also:

• BORE

bore . The existence of " Amazons " (in the sense of fighting women) in the army of See also:

• DAHOMEY (Fr. Dahome)

Dahomey in See also:

• MODERN

modern times is an undoubted fact, but they are said to have died out during the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate . For notable cases of women who have become soldiers, reference may be made to See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne See also:

• TALBOT (FAMILY)
• TALBOT, MARY ANNE (1778-1808)
• TALBOT, WILLIAM HENRY FOX (1800–1877)

Talbot and Hannah See also:

• SNELL, HANNAH (1723–1992)
• SNELL, JOHN (1629-1679)
• SNELL, WILLEBRORD (1591-1626)

Snell . See A . D . Mordtmann, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Amazonen (1862); W .

Stricker, Die A. in See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

Sage and Geschichte (1868); A . Klugmann, Die A. in der attischen Literatur and Kunst (1875) ; H . L . See also:

• KRAUSE, KARL CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1781—1832)

Krause, Die Amazonensage (1893); F . G . Bergmann, See also:

• LES

Les Amazones clans 1'histoire et dans la See also:

• FABLE (Fr. fable, Lat. fabula)

fable (1853); P . Lacour, Les Amazones (1901); articles in Pauly-Wissowa's Realencyclopadie and See also:

• ROSCHER, WILHELM GEORG FRIEDRICH (1817–1894)

Roscher's Lexikon der Mythologie; See also:

• GROTE, GEORGE (1794–1871)

Grote, Hist. of See also:

• GREECE

Greece, pt. i. ch . 11 . In See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article GREEK ART, fig . 4o represents three types of Amazons, and fig . 7o (pl. iv.) a battle between Amazons and Greeks . AMAZON-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

STONE, or AMAZONITE, a See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green variety of microclinefelspar .

The name is taken from that of the river Amazon, whence certain green stones were formerly obtained, but it is doubtful whether green See also:

• FELSPAR, or FELDSPAR

felspar occurs in the Amazon See also:

• DISTRICT

district . The modern amazon-stone is a See also:

• MINERAL

mineral of restricted occurrence . Formerly it was obtained almost exclusively from the See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood of Miyask, in the Ilmen mountains, 5o m . S.W. of Cheliabinsk, See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, where it occurs in granitic rocks . Of See also:

• LATE

late years, magnificent crystals have been obtained from See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

Pike's See also:

• PEAK, THE

Peak, See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado, where it is found associated with smoky See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz, See also:

• ORTHOCLASE

orthoclase and See also:

• ALBITE

albite in a coarse See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite or See also:

• PEGMATITE (from Gr. 1r3 y ea, a bond)

pegmatite . Some other localities in the See also:

• UNITED

United States yield amazon-stone, and it is also found in pegmatite in See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar . On account of its lively green See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, it is cut and polished to a limited extent as an ornamental stone . The colour has been attributed to the presence of See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, but as it is discharged by See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat it is likelyto be due to some pigment of organic origin, and an organic See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron has been suggested .