See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

SAINT See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• SAINT AMBROSE (c. 340-307)

AMBROSE (c. 340-307)  , See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, one of the most eminent fathers of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church in the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, was a See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born about 337—340 in Treves, where his See also:

• FATHER

father was See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of Gallia Narbonensis . His See also:

• MOTHER

mother. was a woman of See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect and piety . See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose was See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early destined to follow his father's career, and was accordingly educated in Rome . He made such progress in literature, See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric, that the. See also:

• PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

praetor Anicius Prohus first gave him a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council and then made him consular prefect of See also:

• LIGURIA

Liguria and See also:

• EMILIA

Emilia, with headquarters at Milan, where he made an excellent See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator . In 374 See also:

• AUXENTIUS (fl. c. 370)

Auxentius, bishop of Milan, died, and the orthodox and Arian parties contended for the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession . An address delivered to them at this crisis by Ambrose led to his being acclaimed as the only competent occupant of the see; though hitherto only a See also:

• CATECHUMEN (Lat. catechumenus, Gr. KarnXouµevos, instructed, from Kar17)(6v, to teach orally)

catechumen, he was baptized, and a few days saw him duly installed as bishop of Milan . I-Ie immediately betook himself to the necessary studies, and acquitted himself in his new See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office with ability, boldness and integrity . Having apportioned his See also:

• MONEY

money among the poor, and settled his lands upon the church, with the exception of making his See also:

• SISTER

sister Marcellina See also:

• TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenant during See also:

• LIFE

life, and having committed the care of his See also:

• FAMILY

family to his See also:

• BROTHER

brother, he entered upon a See also:

• REGULAR

regular course of theological study, under the care of Simplician, a See also:

• PRESBYTER (Gr. apactObTepos, elder, the comparative of IrOo-Oas, an old man)

presbyter of Rome, and devoted himself to the labours of the church, labours which were temporarily interrupted by an invasion of Goths, which compelled Ambrose and other churchmen to retire to Illyricum . The eloquence of Ambrose soon found ample See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope in the dispute between the Arians and the orthodox or See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic party, whose cause the new bishop espoused . See also:

• GRATIAN (FLAvrus GRATIANUS AUGUSTUS)

Gratian, the son of the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder Valentinian, took the same See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side; but the younger Valentinian, who had now become his colleague in the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, adopted the opinions of the Arians, and all the arguments and eloquence of Ambrose could not reclaim the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince to the. orthodox faith . See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius, the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, also professed the orthodox belief; but there were many adherents of See also:

• ARIUS ("Apews)

Arius scattered throughout his dominions . In this distracted See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of religious See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, two leaders of the Arians, See also:

• PALLADIUS, RUTILIUS TAURUS AEMILIANUS

Palladius and Secundianus, confident of See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, prevailed upon Gratian to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general council from all parts of the empire .

This See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request appeared so equitable that he complied without hesitation; but Ambrose, foreseeing the consequence, prevailed upon the emperor to have the See also:

• MATTER

matter determined by a council of the Western bishops . A See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod, composed of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-two bishops, was accordingly held at See also:

• AQUILEIA

Aquileia in the See also:

• YEAR

year 381 . Ambrose was elected See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president; and Palladius, being called upon to defend his opinions, declined, insisting that the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting was a partial one, and that, all the bishops of the empire not being See also:

• PRESENT

present, the sense of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian church concerning the question in dispute could not be obtained . A See also:

• VOTE

vote was then taken, when Palladius and his See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate Secundianus were deposed from the episcopal office . Ambrose was equally zealous in combating the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt made by the upholders of the old state See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion to resist the enactments of Christian emperors . The See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan party was led by See also:

• QUINTUS

Quintus Aurelius See also:

• SYMMACHUS

Symmachus (q.v.), See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul in 391, who presented to Valentinian .. II. a forcible but unsuccessful See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition praying for the restoration of the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar of Victory to its See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient station in the See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall of the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate, the proper support of seven vestal virgins, and the regular observance of the other pagan ceremonies . To this petition Ambrose replied in a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to Valentinian, arguing that the devoted worshippers of idols had often been forsaken by their deities; that the native valour of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman soldiers had gained their victories, and not the pretended See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of pagan. priests; that these idolatrous worshippers requested for themselves what they refused. to Christians; that voluntary was more See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable than constrained virginity; that as the Christian ministers declined to receive temporal emoluments, they should also be denied to pagan priests; that it was absurd to suppose that See also:

• GOD

God would inflict a See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine upon the empire for neglecting to support a religious See also:

• SYSTEM

system contrary to His will as revealed in the Scriptures; that the whole See also:

• PROCESS

process of nature encouraged innovations, and that all nations had permitted them, even in religion; that See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen sacrifices were offensive to Christians; and that it was the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of a Christian prince to suppress pagan ceremonies . In the epistles of Symmachus and of Ambrose both the petition and the reply are preserved . They are a See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange blend of sophistry, superstition, See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound sense and solid See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument . The increasing strength of the Arians proved a formidable task for Ambrose . In 384 the young emperor and his mother Justina, along with a considerable number of See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy and laity professing the Arian faith, requested from the bishop the use of two churches, one in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, the other in the suburbs of Milan .

Ambrose refused, and was required to See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer for his conduct before the council . He went, attended by a numerous See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd of See also:

• PEOPLE

people, whose impetuous zeal so overawed the ministers of Valentinian that he was permitted to retire without making the surrender of the churches . The See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day following, when he was performing divine service in the See also:

• BASILICA

Basilica, the prefect of the city came to persuade him to give up at least the Portian church in the suburbs . As he still continued obstinate, the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court proceeded to violent See also:

• MEASURES

measures: the See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household were commanded to prepare the Basilica and the Portian churches to celebrate divine service upon the arrival of the emperor and his mother at the ensuing festival of See also:

• EASTER

Easter . Perceiving the growing strength of the See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate's See also:

• INTEREST

interest, the court deemed it prudent to restrict its demand to the use of one of the churches . But all entreaties proved in vain, and See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew forth the following characteristic See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration from the bishop:—" If you demand my See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, I am ready to submit: carry me to See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison or to See also:

• DEATH

death, I will not resist; but I will never betray the church of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ . I will not call upon the people to succour me; I will See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the altar rather than See also:

• DESERT

desert it . The tumult of the people I will not encourage: but God alone can appease it." Many circumstances in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of Ambrose are strongly characteristic of the general spirit of the times . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief causes of his victory over his opponents were his See also:

• GREAT

great popularity and the superstitious reverence paid to the episcopal See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character at that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . But it must also be noted that he used several in-See also:

• DIRECT

direct means to obtain and support his authority with the people . He was liberal to the poor; it was his See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom to comment severely in his See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching on the public characters of his times; and he introduced popular reforms in the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and manner of public See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship . It is alleged, too, that at a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when the influence of Ambrose required vigorous support, he was admonished in a See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream to See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search for, and found under the See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement of the church, the remains of two martyrs, Gervasius and Protasius .

The See also:

• APPLAUSE (Lat. applaudere, to strike upon, clap)

applause of the vulgar was mingled with the derision of the court party . Although the court was displeased with the religious principles and conduct of Ambrose, it respected his great See also:

• POLITICAL

political talents; and when See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity required, his aid was solicited and generously granted . When See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

Maximus usurped the supreme See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, and was meditating a descent upon See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, Valentinian sent Ambrose to dissuade him from the undertaking, and the See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy was successful . On a second attempt of the same See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind Ambrose .was again employed; and although he was unsuccessful, it cannot be doubted that, if his See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice had been followed, the schemes of the usurper would have proved abortive; but the enemy was permitted to enter Italy; and Milan was taken . Justina and her son fled; but Ambrose remained at his See also:

• POST

post, and did See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good service to many of the sufferers by causing the See also:

• PLATE

plate of the church to be melted for their See also:

• RELIEF

relief . Theodosius, the emperor of the East, espoused the cause of Justina, and regained the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . This Theodosius was sternly rebuked by Ambrose for the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of 7000 persons at Thessalonica in 390, and was bidden imitate See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David in his repentance as he had imitated him in See also:

• GUILT

guilt . In 392, after the assassination of Valentinian and the usurpation of See also:

• EUGENIUS

Eugenius, Ambrose fled from Milan; but when Theodosius was eventually victorious, he supplicated the emperor for the See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon of those who had supported Eugenius . Soon after acquiring the undisputed See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the Roman empire, Theodosius died at Milan in 395, and two years later (4th799 See also:

• APRIL

April 397) Ambrose also passed away . He was succeeded by Simplician . A See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of pure character, vigorous mind, unwearying zeal and uncommon generosity, Ambrose ranks high among the fathers of the ancient church on many See also:

• COUNTS

counts . His chief faults were ambition and bigotry .

Though ranking with See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome, and See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory the Great, as one of the Latin doctors," he is most naturally compared with Hilary, whom he surpasses in administrative excellence as much as he falls below him in theological ability . Even here, however, his achievements are of no mean order, especially when we remember his juridical training and his comparatively See also:

• LATE

late handling of Biblical and doctrinal subjects . In matters of exegesis he is, like Hilary, an Alexandrian; his chief productions are homiletic commentaries on the early Old Testament narratives, e.g. the Hexaemeron (Creation) and See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham, some of the See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Psalms, and the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel according to See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke . In dogmatic he follows See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil of Caesarea and other See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek authors, but nevertheless gives a distinctly Western See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast to the speculations of which he treats . This is particularly See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest in the weightier emphasis which he See also:

• LAYS

lays upon human See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin and divine See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace, and in the place which he assigns to faith in the individual Christian life . His chief See also:

• WORKS

works in this See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field are De fide ad Gratianum Augustum, De Spiritu Sancto, De incarnationis Dominicae See also:

• SACRAMENTO

Sacramento, De mysteriis . His great spiritual successor, Augustine, whose See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion was helped by Ambrose's sermons, owes more to him than to any writer except See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul . Ambrose's intense episcopal consciousness furthered the growing See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the Church and its sacerdotal See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, while the prevalent See also:

• ASCETICISM

asceticism of the day, continuing the Stoic and Ciceronian training of his youth, enabled him to promulgate a lofty See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of Christian See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ethics . Thus we have the De officiis ministrorum, De viduis, De virginitate and De paenitentia . Ambrose has also See also:

• LEFT

left several funeral orations and ninety-one letters, but it is as a hymn-writer that he perhaps deserves most See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour . Catching the impulse from Hilary and confirmed in it by the success of Arian psalmody, Ambrose composed several See also:

• HYMNS

hymns, marked by dignified simplicity, which were not only effective in themselves but served as a fruitful See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model for later times . We cannot certainly assign to him more than four or five (See also:

• DEUS
• DEUS, JOAO DE (1830-1896)

Deus Creator Omnium, Aeterne rerum conditor, Jam surgit See also:

• NORA

Nora tertia, and the See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas hymn Veni redemptor gentium) of those that have come down to us .

Each of these hymns has eight four-See also:

• LINE

line stanzas and is written in strict See also:

• IAMBIC

iambic tetrameter . On the Ambrosian See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual see See also:

• LITURGY (Low Lat. liturgia; Gr. X€Zros, public, and Epyov, work; )Aetrovpy6s, a public servant)

LITURGY; on the Ambrosian library see See also:

• LIBRARIES

LIBRARIES; on the church founded by him at Milan in 387 see MILAN . See also:

• EDITIONS

EDITIONS: The See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine (4 vols., See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, 1948 ff.); See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, See also:

• PATROL, (Fr. patrouiller, connected with pane, foot)

Patrol . See also:

• LAT

Lat. xiv.-xvii.; P . A . Ballerini (6 vols., Milan, 1895 ff.) . LITERATURE: Th . See also:

• FORSTER, FRANCOIS (179o-,872)
• FORSTER, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1791-1868)
• FORSTER, JOHANN GEORG ADAM (1754-1794)
• FORSTER, JOHN (1812-1876)
• FORSTER, JOHN COOPER (1823-1886)
• FORSTER, WILLIAM EDWARD (1818-1886)

Forster, Ambrose, B. of Mailand (See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, 1884), and See also:

• ART

art. in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyk., where the literature is cited in full; A . See also:

• EBERT, FRIEDRICH ADOLF (1791-1834)

Ebert, Gesch. der christlich-latein . Litt . (2nd ed., 1889); O . Bardenhewer, Patrologie (2nd ed., 1891) ; A .

See also:

• HARNACK, ADOLF (1851– )

Harnack, Hist. of See also:

• DOGMA (Gr. Sbypa, from b6aeiv, to seem; literally " that which seems, sc. good or true or useful " to any one)

Dogma, esp. vol. v.; W . See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

Bright, See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age of the Fathers . (A . J .