See also:

• AMRAVATI, or AMARAVATI

AMRAVATI, or AMARAVATI  , a ruined See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India in the Guntur See also:

• DISTRICT

district of the See also:

• MADRAS

Madras See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency, on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• KISTNA (or KRISHNA)
• KISTNA, or KRISHNA

Kistna See also:

• RIVER

river, 62 m. from its mouth . The See also:

• TOWN

town is of See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INTEREST

interest for the See also:

• ANTIQUARY

antiquary as one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief centres of the Buddhist See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Vengi, and for its stupa (sepulchral See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument) . See also:

• AMRAVATI, or AMARAVATI

Amravati has been identified with Hsuan Tsang's To-na-kie-tse-kia and with the Rahmi of Arab geographers . Subsequent to the disappearance of See also:

• BUDDHISM

Buddhism- from this region the town became a centre of the Sivaite faith . When Hsuan Tsang visited Amravati in A.D . 639 it had already been deserted for a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, but he speaks in glowing terms of its magnificence and beauty . Very careful and See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic representations of the stupa with its daghoba and interesting See also:

• RAIL

rail, pillars and sculptures will be found in See also:

• FERGUSSON, JAMES (18o8-r886)
• FERGUSSON, ROBERT (1750-1774)
• FERGUSSON, SIR WILLIAM

Fergusson's See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

Tree and See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

Serpent See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

Worship, and in his See also:

• HISTORY

History of See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

Architecture (1876) . Its elaborate carvings illustrate the See also:

• LIFE

life of See also:

• BUDDHA

Buddha . Some are preserved in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum; others in the museum at Madras . An See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account by Dr See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• BURGESS (Med. Lat. burgensis, from burgus, a borough, a town)
• BURGESS, DANIEL (1645-1713)
• BURGESS, THOMAS (1756–1837)

Burgess was published in 1877 as one of the volumes of the Archaeological Survey of See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern India . `AMR-See also:

• IBN

IBN-EL-See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

ASS, or 'AMR (strictly 'AMR B . 'As), one of the most famous of the first See also:

• RACE

race of the Saracen leaders, was of the tribe of Koreish (Qureish) .

In his youth he was an antagonist of See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet . His zeal prompted him to undertake an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• ETHIOPIA, or AETHIOPIA (Gr. AlOtoaia)

Ethiopia, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to stimulate him against the converts whom he had taken under his See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, but he returned a convert to the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan faith and joined the fugitive See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet at See also:

• MEDINA
• MEDINA, JOSE TORIBIO (1852- )

Medina . When See also:

• ABU

Abu Bekr resolved to invade See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, he en-trusted 'Amr with a high command . `Amr soon perceived that his troops were not sufficient for a serious See also:

• BATTLE

battle . Reinforced by Khalid b. al-Walid, whom Abu Bekr sent in all haste from See also:

• IRAK

Irak to Syria, he defeated the imperial troops, commanded by See also:

• THEODORUS, FLAVIUS MALLIUS

Theodorus, the See also:

• BROTHER

brother of See also:

• HERACLIUS ('HpaeXaos) (c. 575-642)

Heraclius, not far from Ramleh in See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine, on the 31st of See also:

• JULY

July 634 . When See also:

• OMAR (c. 581-644)

Omar became See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph he made Khalid chief See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the Syrian armies, 'Amr remaining in Palestine to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete the submission of that See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . It is not certain that 'Amr assisted Khalid in the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus, but very probable that he took See also:

• PART

part in the decisive battle of Yarmuk, 20th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 636 . After this battle he laid siege to See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, in which enterprise he was seconded a See also:

• YEAR

year later by Abu Obeida, then chief commander . After the surrender of Jerusalem 'Amr began the siege of Caesarea, which, however, was brought to a successful end in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September or See also:

• OCTOBER

October 64o by Moawiya, 'Amr having obtained Omar's See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction for an expedition against See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . Towards the end of 639 he led an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of 4000 See also:

• ARABS

Arabs into that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . During his See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march a messenger from Omar arrived with a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter containing directions to return if he should have received it in Syria, but if in Egypt to advance, in which See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case all needful assistance would be instantly sent to him . The contents of the letter were not made known to his See also:

• OFFICERS

officers until he was assured that the army was on See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• SOIL

soil, so that the expedition might be continued under the sanction of Omar's orders .

Having taken Farama (See also:

• PELUSIUM

Pelusium), he advanced to Misr, See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• MEMPHIS

Memphis, and besieged it and the strong fortress of See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon for seven months . Although numerous reinforcements arrived, he would have found it_ very difficult to See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place previous to the inundation of the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile but for treachery within the citadel; the Greeks who remained there were eithermade prisoners or put to the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword . On the same spot 'Amr built a city named Fostat (" the encampment "), the ruins of which are known by the name of Old See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo . The See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque which he erected and called by his own name is described in See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal (189o), p . 759 . 'Amr pursued the Greeks to See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, but finding that it was impossible to take the place by storm, he contented himself with blockading it with the greater part of his army, and reducing the See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

Delta to submission with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest . At the end of twelve months Alexandria sued for See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and a treaty was signed on the 8th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 641 . To 'Amr acting on Omar's command has been attributed the burning of the famous Alexandrian library . (See See also:

• LIBRARIES

LIBRARIES and ALEXANDRIA.) Not only is this See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of barbarism inconsistent with the characters of Omar and his See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, but the earliest authority for the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story is Abulfaragius (Barhebraeus), a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian writer; who lived six centuries later . After the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of Egypt 'Amr carried his conquests eastward along the North See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast as far as See also:

• BARCA (mod. Merj)

Barca and even Tripolis . His See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of Egypt was moderate and statesmanlike, and under his See also:

• RULE

rule the produce of the Nile Valley was a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant source of See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply to the cities of See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia . He even reopened a See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal at least 8o m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long from the Nile to the Red See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of renewing communication by sea .

Removed from his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office by See also:

• OTHMAN (c. 574-656)

Othman in 647, who replaced him by Ibn abi Sarh, he sided with Moawiya in the contest for the See also:

• CALIPHATE

caliphate, and was largely responsible for the deposition of See also:

• ALI

Ali (q.v.) and the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the Omayyad See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty . (See CALIPHATE, See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section B.) In 658 he reconquered Egypt in Moawiya's interest, and governed it till his See also:

• DEATH

death on the 6th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 664 . In a pathetic speech to his See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children on his deathbed, he bitterly lamented his youthful offence in opposing the prophet, although Mahomet had forgiven him and had frequently affirmed that " there was no Mussulman more sincere and steadfast in the faith than 'Amr." See also:

• SIR

Sir W . See also:

• MUIR, JOHN (1810-1882)
• MUIR, SIR WILLIAM (1819-1905)

Muir, The Caliphate (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1891); E . See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon's Decline and Fall; M . J. de See also:

• GOEJE, MICHAEL JAN DE (1836—1909)

Goeje, Memoire sur in conquete de la Syrie (See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, 1900) ; See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

Butler, Arab Conquest of Egypt (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1902) ; See also:

• ART

art . EGYPT, History, Mahommedan See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

Period . 'AMR IBN KULTHUM, Arabian poet, author of one of the Mo'allakat . Little or nothing is known of his life See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save that he was a member of the tribe of Taghlib and that he is said to have died of excessive See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine-drinking . Some stories of him are told in the See also:

• BOOK

Book of Songs (see ABULFARAJ), vol. ix. pp . 181-185 .