See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)  , a See also:

• TERM

term signifying, (t) in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, resemblance which falls See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute similarity or identity . Thus by See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy, the word " loud," originally applied to sounds, is used of garments which obtrude themselves on the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention; all See also:

• METAPHOR

metaphor is thus a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of analogy . (2) See also:

• EUCLID
• EUCLID [EucLEIDES]

Euclid used the term for proportionate equality; but in See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics it is now obsolete except in the phrase, " See also:

• NAPIER
• NAPIER, JOHN (1550-1617)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES (1786-1860)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES JAMES (1782-1853)
• NAPIER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK (1785-1860)

Napier's Analogies " in spherical See also:

• TRIGONOMETRY (from Gr. rpiywvov, a triangle, /ATpov, measure)

trigonometry (see NAPIER, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN) . (3) In See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar, it signifies similarity in the dominant characteristics of a See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, derivation, See also:

• ORTHOGRAPHY (from Gr. Opeoc, correct, right or straight, and yp&cbecv, to write)

orthography and so on . (4) In See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic, it is used of arguments by inference from resemblances between known particulars to other particulars which are not observed . Under the name of " example " (srapadetyga) the See also:

• PROCESS

process is explained by See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle (See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

Prior Anal. ii . 4) as an See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

ANALYSIS inference which differs from See also:

• INDUCTION (from Lat. inducere, to lead into; cf. Gr. ilrayu yli)

induction (q.v.) in having a particular, not a general, conclusion; i.e. if A is demonstrably like B in certain respects, if may be assumed to be like it in another, though the latter is not demonstrated . See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant and his followers See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state the distinction otherwise, i.e. induction argues from the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of an attribute by many members of a class that all members of the class possess it, while analogy argues that, because A has some of B's qualities, it must have them all (cf . See also:

• SIR

Sir Wm . See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton, Lectures on Logic, ii . 165-174, for a slight modification of this view) . J .

S . See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill very properly rejects this artificial distinction, which is in practice no distinction at all; he regards induction and analogy as generically the same, though differing in the See also:

• DEMONSTRATIVE

demonstrative validity of their See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence, i.e. induction proceeds on the basis of scientific, causal connexion, while analogy, in See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof, temporarily accepts a probable See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis . In this sense, analogy may obviously have a universal conclusion . This type of inference is of the greates value in See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, which has frequently and quite legiti mately used such conclusions until a negative instance has disproved or further evidence confirmed them (for a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of typical cases see T . See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler's edition of See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon's Nov . Org . Aph. ii . 27 See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note) . The value of such inferences depends on the nature of the resemblances on which they are based and on that of the See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences which they disregard . If the resemblances are small and unimportant and the differences See also:

• GREAT

great and fundamental, the See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument is known as " False Analogy." The subject is dealt with in See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis Bacon's Novum Organum, especially ii . 27 (see T . H .

Fowler's notes) under the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of Instantiae conformes sive proportionatae . Strictly the argument by analogy is based on similarity of relations between things, not on the similarity of things, though it is, in general; extended to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the latter . See See also:

• WORKS

works on Logic, e.g . J . S . Mill, T . H . Fowler, W . S . See also:

• JEVONS, WILLIAM STANLEY (1835-1882)

Jevons . For See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

Butler's Analogy-and its method see BUTLER, See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JosEPH . The term was used in a See also:

• SPECIAL

special sense by Kant in his phrase, "Analogies of Experience," the third and most important See also:

• GROUP

group in his See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification of the a priori elements of knowledge .

By it he understood the fundamental See also:

• LAWS

laws of pure natural science under the three heads, substantiality, causality, See also:

• RECIPROCITY (Lat. reciprocus, returning back the same way, alternating, probably from re back and pro forward)

reciprocity (see F . See also:

• PAULSEN, FRIEDRICH (1846-1908)

Paulsen, I . Kant, Eng. trans . 1902, pp . 188 ff.) .