See also:

• ANARCHISM (from the Gr. av-, and (Ipxrt, contrary to authority)

ANARCHISM (from the Gr. av-, and (Ipxrt, contrary to authority)  , the name given to a principle or theory of See also:

• LIFE

life and conduct under which society is conceived without See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government —See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony in such a society being obtained, not by submission to See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, or by obedience to any authority, but by See also:

• FREE

free agreements concluded between the various See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, territorial and professional, freely constituted for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production and See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption, as also for the See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction of the See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite variety of needs and aspirations of a civilized being . In a society See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed on these lines, the voluntary associations which already now begin to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover all the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields of human activity would take a still greater See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension so as to substitute themselves for the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in all its functions . They would represent an interwoven network, compose 1 of an infinite variety of groups and federations of all sizes and degrees, See also:

• LOCAL

local, regional, See also:

• NATIONAL

national and See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international—temporary or more or less permanent—for all possible purposes: production, consumption and See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange, communications, sanitary arrangements, See also:

• EDUCATION

education, mutual See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the territory, and so on; and, on the other See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, for the satisfaction of an ever-increasing number of scientific, See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic, See also:

• LITERARY

literary and sociable needs . Moreover, such a society would represent nothing immutable . On the contrary—as is seen in organic life at large—harmony would (it is contended) result from an ever-changing See also:

• ADJUSTMENT (from late Lat. ad juxtare, derived from juxta, near, but early confounded with a supposed derivation from justus, right)

adjustment and readjustment of See also:

• EQUILIBRIUM (from the Lat. aequus, equal, and libra, a balance)

equilibrium between the multitudes of forces and influences, and this adjustment would be the easier to obtain as none of the forces would enjoy a See also:

• SPECIAL

special protection from the state . If, it is contended, society were organized on these principles, See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man would not be limited in the free exercise of his See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers in productive See also:

• WORK

work by a capitalist See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly, maintained by the state; nor would he be limited in the exercise of his will by a fear of See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment, or by obedience towards individuals or metaphysical entities, which both See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to depression of initiative and servility of mind . He would be guided in his actions by his own understanding, which necessarily would See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the impression of a free See also:

• ACTION

action and reaction between his own self and the ethical conceptions of his surroundings . Man would thus be enabled to obtain the full development of all his faculties, intellectual, artistic and moral, without being hampered by overwork for the monopolists, or by the servility and inertia of mind of the See also:

• GREAT

great number . He would thus be able to reach full individualization, which is not possible either under the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• INDIVIDUALISM (from Lat. individualis, that which is not divided, an individual)

individualism, or under any system of state-See also:

• SOCIALISM

socialism in the so-called Volkstaat (popular state) . The Anarchist writers consider, moreover, that their conception is not a See also:

• UTOPIA

Utopia, constructed on the a priori method, after a few desiderata have been taken as postulates . It is derived, they maintain, from an See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of tendencies that are at work already, even though state socialism may find a temporary favour with the reformers . The progress of See also:

• MODERN

modern technics, which wonder-fully simplifies the production of all the necessaries of life; the growing spirit of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, and the rapid spread of free initiative and free understanding in all branches of activity—including those which formerly were considered as the proper attribution of See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and state—are steadily reinforcing the no-government tendency .

As to their economical conceptions, the Anarchists, in See also:

• COMMON

common with all Socialists, of whom they constitute the See also:

• LEFT

left wing, maintain that the now prevailing system of private ownership in See also:

• LAND

land, and our capitalist production for the sake of profits, represent amonopoly which runs against both the principles of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice and the dictates of utility . They are the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main obstacle which prevents the successes of modern technics from being brought into the service of all, so as to produce See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general well-being . The Anarchists consider the wage-system and capitalist production altogether as an obstacle to progress . But they point out also that the state was, and continues to be, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument for permitting the few to monopolize the land, and the capitalists to appropriate for themselves a quite disproportionate See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of the yearly accumulated surplus of production . Consequently, while combating the present monopolization of land, and capitalism altogether, the Anarchists combat with the same See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy the state, as the main support of that system . Not this or that special See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, but the state altogether, whether it be a See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy or even a See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic governed by means of the See also:

• REFERENDUM

referendum . The state organization, having always been; both in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and modern See also:

• HISTORY

history (Macedonian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, See also:

• ROMAN

Roman empire, modern See also:

• EUROPEAN

European states grown up on the ruins of the autonomous cities), the instrument for establishing monopolies in favour of the ruling minorities, cannot be made to work for the destruction of these monopolies . The Anarchists consider, therefore, that to See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand over to the state all the main See also:

• SOURCES

sources of economical life—the land, the mines, the See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, banking, See also:

• INSURANCE

insurance, and so on—as also the management of all the main branches of See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, in addition to all the functions already accumulated in its hands (education, state-supported religions, defence of the territory, &c.), would mean to create a new instrument of tyranny . State capitalism would only increase the powers of bureaucracy and capitalism . True progress lies in the direction of decentralization, both territorial and functional, in the development of the spirit of local and See also:

• PERSONAL

personal initiative, and of free federation from the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple to the See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound, in lieu of the present See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy from the centre to the periphery . In common with most Socialists, the Anarchists recognize that, like all See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution in nature, the slow evolution of society is followed from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time by periods of accelerated evolution which are called revolutions; and they think that the era of revolutions is not yet closed . Periods of rapid changes will follow the periods of slow evolution, and these periods must be taken See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of—not for increasing and widening the powers of the state, but for reducing them, through the organization in every township or See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune of the local groups of producers and consumers, as also the regional, and eventually the international, federations of these groups .

In virtue of the above principles the Anarchists refuse to be party to the present state organization and to support it by infusing fresh See also:

• BLOOD

blood into it . They do not seek to constitute, and invite the working men not to constitute, See also:

• POLITICAL

political parties in the parliaments . Accordingly, since the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the International Working Men's Association in 1864-1866, they have endeavoured to promote their ideas directly amongst the labour organizations and to induce those unions to a See also:

• DIRECT

direct struggle against See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, without placing their faith in See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary legislation . The See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical Development of See also:

• ANARCHISM (from the Gr. av-, and (Ipxrt, contrary to authority)

Anarchism.—The conception of society just sketched, and the tendency which is its dynamic expression, have always existed in mankind, in opposition to the governing hierarchic conception and tendency—now the one and now the other taking the upper hand at different periods of history . To the former tendency we owe the evolution, by the masses themselves, of those institutions—the See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan, the See also:

• VILLAGE

village community, the gild, the free See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city—by means of which the masses resisted the encroachments of the conquerors a pd the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power-seeking minorities . The same tendency asserted itself with great energy in the great religious movements of medieval times, especially in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early movements of the reform and its forerunners . At the same time it evidently found its expression in the writings of some thinkers, since the times of Lao-tsze, although, owing to its non-scholastic and popular origin, it obviously found less sympathy among the scholars than the opposed tendency . As has been pointed out by Prof . See also:

• ADLER, FELIX (r851- )

Adler in his Geschichte See also:

• DES

des Sozialismus and Kommunismus, See also:

• ARISTIPPUS (c. 435–356 B.c.)

Aristippus (b. c . 430 B.c.), one of the founders of the Cyrenaic school, already taught that the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise must not give up their See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty to the state, and in reply to a question by See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates he said that he did not See also:

• DESIRE

desire to belong either to the governing or the governed class . Such an attitude, however, seems to have been dictated merely by an Epicurean attitude towards the life of the masses . The best exponent of Anarchist See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy in ancient See also:

• GREECE

Greece was See also:

• ZENO

Zeno (342–269 or 270 B.c.), from See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete, the founder of the Stoic philosophy, who distinctly opposed his conception of a free community without government to the state-Utopia of See also:

• PLATO

Plato .

He repudiated the omnipotence of the state, its intervention and regimentation, and proclaimed the See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty of the moral law of the individual—remarking already that, while the necessary See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct of self-preservation leads man to egotism, nature has supplied a corrective to it by providing man with another instinct—that of sociability . When men are reasonable enough to follow their natural instincts, they will unite across the frontiers and constitute the Cosmos . They will have no need of law-courts or See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police, will have no temples and no public See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, and use no See also:

• MONEY

money—free gifts taking the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the exchanges . Unfortunately, the writings of Zeno have not reached us and are only known through fragmentary quotations . However, the fact that his very wording is similar to the wording now in use, shows how deeply is laid the tendency of human nature of which he was the mouth-piece . In medieval times we find the same views on the state expressed by the illustrious See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• ALBA

Alba, Marco See also:

• GIROLAMO (1450-1486)

Girolamo See also:

• VIDA, MARCO GIROLAMO (c. 1489-1566)

Vida, in his first See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue De dignitate reipublicae (Ferd . See also:

• CAVALLI, FRANCESCO (1599?-1676)

Cavalli, in Mem. dell' Istituto Veneto, xiii.; Dr E . Nys, Researches in the History of See also:

• ECONOMICS

Economics) . But it is especially in several early See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian movements, beginning with the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century in See also:

• ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia, and in the preachings of the early See also:

• HUSSITES

Hussites, particularly Chojecki, and the early See also:

• ANABAPTISTS (" re-baptizers," from Gr. apa and J3airri tt')

Anabaptists, especially Hans Denk (cf . See also:

• KELLER, ALBERT (1845- )
• KELLER, GOTTFRIED (1819-1890)
• KELLER, HELEN ADAMS (188o- )

Keller, Ein Apostel der Wiedertdufer), that one finds the same ideas forcibly expressed—special stress being laid of course on their moral aspects . See also:

• RABELAIS, FRANCOIS (c. 1490—1553)

Rabelais and See also:

• FENELON, BERTRAND DE SALIGNAC

Fenelon, in their Utopias, have also expressed similar ideas, and they were also current in the 18th century amongst the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Encyclopaedists, as may be concluded from See also:

• SEPARATE

separate expressions occasionally met with in the writings of See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau, from See also:

• DIDEROT, DENIS (1713-1784)

Diderot's See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

Preface to the Voyage of See also:

• BOUGAINVILLE, LOUIS ANTOINE DE (1729-1811)

Bougainville, and so on . However, in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability such ideas could not be developed then, owing to the rigorous censorship of the Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Church .

These ideas found their expression later during the great French Revolution . While the See also:

• JACOBINS, THE

Jacobins did all in their power to centralize everything in the hands of the government, it appears now, from recently published documents, that the masses of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, in their municipalities and " sections," accomplished a considerable constructive work . They appropriated for themselves the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of the See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges, the organization of supplies and equipment for the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, as also for the large cities, work for the unemployed, the management of charities, and so on . They even tried to establish a direct See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence between the 36,000 communes of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France through the intermediary of a special See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board, outside the National See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly (cf . See also:

• SIGISMUND (1368-1437)

Sigismund See also:

• LACROIX, ANTOINE FRANCOIS ALFRED (1863— )
• LACROIX, PAUL (1806—1884)

Lacroix, Ades de la commune de See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris) . It was See also:

• GODWIN, FRANCIS (1562-1633)
• GODWIN, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759-1797)
• GODWIN, WILLIAM

Godwin, in his Enquiry concerning Political Justice (2 vols., 1993), who was the first to formulate the political and economical conceptions of Anarchism, even though he did not give that name to the ideas developed in his remarkable work . See also:

• LAWS

Laws, he wrote, are not a product of the See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom of our ancestors: they are the product of their passions, their timidity, their jealousies and their ambition . The remedy they offer is worse than the evils they pretend to cure . If and only if all laws and courts were abolished, and the decisions in the arising contests were left to reasonable men chosen for that purpose, real justice would gradually be evolved . As to the state, Godwin frankly claimed its abolition . A society, he wrote, can perfectly well exist without any government: only the communities should be small and perfectly autonomous . Speaking of See also:

• PROPERTY

property, hestated that the rights of every one " to every substance capable of contributing to the benefit of a human being " must be regulated by justice alone: the substance must go " to him who most wants it." His conclusion was See also:

• COMMUNISM

Communism .

Godwin, however, had not the courage to maintain his opinions . He entirely rewrote later on his See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter on property and mitigated his Communist views in the second edition of Political Justice (8vo, 1796) . See also:

• PROUDHON, PIERRE JOSEPH (1809-1865)

Proudhon was the first to use, in 1840 (Qu'est-ce que la propriete ? first memoir), the name of Anarchy with application to the no-government state of society: The name of " Anarchists " had been freely applied during the French Revolution by the See also:

• GIRONDISTS (Fr. Girondins)

Girondists to those revolutionaries who did not consider that the task of the Revolution was accomplished with the overthrow of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVI., and insisted upon a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of economical See also:

• MEASURES

measures being taken (the abolition of feudal rights without redemption, the return to the village communities of the communal lands enclosed since 1669, the See also:

• LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation of landed property to 120 acres, progressive income-tax, the national organization of exchanges on a just value basis, which already received a beginning of See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical realization, and so on) . Now Proudhon advocated a society without government, and used the word Anarchy to describe it . Proudhon repudiated, as is known, all schemes of Communism, according to which mankind would be driven into communistic monasteries or See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks, as also all the schemes of state or state-aided Socialism which were advocated by Louis See also:

• BLANC, (JEAN JOSEPH CHARLES) LOUIS (1811-1882)
• BLANC, MONT

Blanc and the Collectivists . When he proclaimed in his first memoir on property that " Property is See also:

• THEFT

theft," he meant only property in its present, Roman-law, sense of "right of use and abuse"; in property-rights, on the other hand, understood in the limited sense of See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession, he saw the best protection against the encroachments of the state . At the same time he did not want violently to dispossess the present owners of land, dwelling-houses, mines, factories and so on . He preferred to attain the same end by rendering capital incapable of earning See also:

• INTEREST

interest; and this he proposed to obtain by means of a national See also:

• BANK

bank, based on the mutual confidence of all those who are engaged in production, who would agree to exchange among themselves their produces at cost-value, by means of labour cheques representing the See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours of labour required to produce every given commodity . Under such a system, which Proudhon described as " Mutuellisme," all the exchanges of services would be strictly See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent . Besides, such a bank would be enabled to lend money without interest, levying only something like r %, or even less, for covering the cost of See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . Every one being thus enabled to See also:

• BORROW, GEORGE HENRY (18o3-1881)

borrow the money that would be required to buy a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, nobody would agree to pay any more a yearly See also:

• RENT

rent for the use of it . A general " social See also:

• LIQUIDATION (i.e. making " liquid " or clear)

liquidation " would thus be rendered easy, without violent See also:

• EXPROPRIATION

expropriation .

The same applied to mines, railways, factories and so on . In a society of this type the state would be useless . The chief relations between citizens would be based on free agreement and regulated by See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account keeping . The contests might be settled by See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

arbitration . A penetrating See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of the state and all possible forms of government, and a deep insight into all economic problems, were well-known characteristics of Proudhon's work . It is See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth noticing that French mutualism had its precursor in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, in See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• THOMPSON
• THOMPSON, FRANCIS (1860-1907)
• THOMPSON, LAUNT (1833-1894)
• THOMPSON, SIR HENRY, BART
• THOMPSON, SIR JOHN SPARROW (1844-1894)
• THOMPSON, THOMAS PERONNET (1783-1869)
• THOMPSON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (18ro–1886)

Thompson, who began by mutualism before he became a Communist, and in his followers See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

Gray (A Lecture on Human Happiness, 1825; The Social System, 1831) and J . F . See also:

• BRAY
• BRAY, SIR REGINALD (d. 1503)
• BRAY, THOMAS (1656-1730)

Bray (Labour's Wrongs and Labour's Remedy, 1839) . It had also its precursor in See also:

• AMERICA

America . See also:

• JOSIAH (Heb. yo' shiyydhu, perhaps " Yah [weh] supports ")

Josiah See also:

• WARREN
• WARREN, GOUVERNEUR KEMBLE (183o-1882)
• WARREN, JOSEPH (1741—1775)
• WARREN, MERCY (1728—1814)
• WARREN, MINTON (1850-1907)
• WARREN, SAMUEL (1807-1877)
• WARREN, SIR JOHN BORLASE, BART
• WARREN, WILLIAM (1812-1888)

Warren, who was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1798 (cf . W . Bailie, Josiah Warren, the First See also:

• AMERICAN

American Anarchist, See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, 1900), and belonged to See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen's " New Harmony," considered that the failure of this enterprise was chiefly due to the suppression of individuality and the lack of initiative and responsibility .

These defects, he taught, were inherent to every See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme based upon authority and the community of goods . He advocated, therefore, See also:

• COMPLETE

complete individual liberty . In 1827 he opened in See also:

• CINCINNATI

Cincinnati a little See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store which was the first " See also:

• EQUITY (Lat. aequitas)

Equity Store," and which the people called " Time Store," because it was based on labour being exchanged See also:

• HOUR

hour for hour in all sorts of produce . " Cost—the limit of See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price," and consequently " no interest," was the See also:

• MOTTO (an Italian word, from Late Lat. muttum, a low sound, a mutter or murmur, cf. mutere, to mutter; the Latin word also gives Fr. mot, word)

motto of his store, and later on of his Equity Village," near New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, which was still in existence in 1865 . Mr See also:

• KEITH
• KEITH, FRANCIS EDWARD JAMES (1696-1758)
• KEITH, GEORGE (c. 1639-1716)
• KEITH, GEORGE KEITH ELPHINSTONE, VISCOUNT (1746-1823)

Keith's " House of Equity " at Boston, founded in 1855, is also worthy of See also:

• NOTICE

notice . While the economical, and especially the mutual-banking, ideas of Proudhon found supporters and even a practical application in the See also:

• UNITED

United States, his political conception of Anarchy found but little See also:

• ECHO (Gr. I'Xw)

echo in France, where the Christian Socialism of See also:

• LAMENNAIS, HUGUES

Lamennais and the Fourierists, and the State Socialism of Louis Blanc and the followers of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon, were dominating . These ideas found, however, some temporary support among the left-wing Hegelians in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses See also:

• HESS
• HESS, HEINRICH HERMANN JOSEF, FREIHERR VON (1788-1870)

Hess in 1843, and Karl Griin in 1845, who advocated Anarchism . Besides, the authoritarian Communism of Wilhelm Weitling'having given origin to opposition amongst the Swiss working men, Wilhelm Marr gave expression to it in the 'forties . On the other side, Individualist Anarchism found, also in Germany, its fullest expression in Max Stirner (Kaspar See also:

• SCHMIDT, H
• SCHMIDT, HEINRICH JULIAN (1818-1886)
• SCHMIDT, KARL VON (1817-1875)
• SCHMIDT, WILHELM ADOLF (1812-1887)

Schmidt), whose remarkable See also:

• WORKS

works (Der Einzige and sein Eigenthum and articles contributed to the Rheinische Zeitung) remained quite overlooked until they were brought into .prominence by John See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• MACKAY
• MACKAY, CHARLES (1814–1889)
• MACKAY, HUGH (c. 164o-169z)
• MACKAY, JOHN WILLIAM (1831–1902)

Mackay . Prof . V . Basch, in a very able introduction to his interesting See also:

• BOOK

book, L'Individualisme anarchiste: Max Stirner (1904), has shown how the development of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German philosophy from See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant to See also:

• HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1770-1831)

Hegel, and " the See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute " of See also:

• SCHELLING, FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH VON (1775-1854)
• SCHELLING, KAROLINE (1763-1809)

Schelling and the Geist of Hegel, necessarily provoked, when the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Hegelian revolt began, the See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching of the same " absolute " in the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp of the rebels .

This was done by Stirner, who advocated, not only a complete revolt against the state and against the See also:

• SERVITUDE (Lat. servitus, from service, to serve)

servitude which authoritarian Communism would impose upon men, but also the full liberation of the individual from all social and moral bonds—the rehabilitation of the " I," the supremacy of the individual, complete " a-moralism," and the " association of the egotists." The final conclusion of that sort of Individual Anarchism has been indicated by Prof . Basch . It. maintains that the aim of all See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization is, not to permit all members of the community to develop in a normal way, but to permit certain better endowed individuals " fully to develop," even at the cost of the happiness and the very existence of the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of mankind . It is thus a return towards the most common individualism, advocated by all the would-be superior minorities, to which indeed man owes in his history precisely the state and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, which these individualists combat . Their individualism goes so far as to end in a negation of their own starting-point,—to say nothing of the impossibility for the individual to attain a really full development in the conditions of oppression of the masses by the " beautiful aristocracies." His development would remain uni-lateral . This is why this direction of thought, notwithstanding its undoubtedly correct and useful advocacy of the full development of each individuality, finds a See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing only in limited artistic and literary circles . Anarchism in the International Working Men's Association.—A general depression in the propaganda of all fractions of Socialism followed, as is known, after the defeat of the uprising of the Paris working men in See also:

• JUNE

June 1848 and the fall of the Republic . All the Socialist See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press was gagged during the reaction See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, which lasted fully twenty years . Nevertheless, even Anarchist thought began to make some progress, namely in the writings of Bellegarrique (Caaurderoy), and especially See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph Dejacque (See also:

• LES

Les Lazareennes, L'Humanisphere, an Anarchist-Communist Utopia, lately discovered and reprinted) . The Socialist See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement revived only after 1864, when some French working men, all " mutualists," See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting in See also:

• LONDON

London during the Universal See also:

• EXHIBITION

Exhibition with See also:

• ENGLISH

English followers of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Owen, founded the International Working Men's Association . This association developed very rapidly and adopted a policy of direct economical struggle against capitalism, without interfering in the political parliamentary agitation, and this policy was followed until 1871 . However, after the Franco-German See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, when the International Association was prohibited in France after the uprising of the Commune, the German working men, who hats received manhood See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage for elections to the newly constituted imperial See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, insisted upon modifying the See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics of the International, and began to build up a Social-Democratic political party .

This soon led to a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division in the Working Men's Association, and the Latin federations, See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, Belgian and See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic (France could not be represented), constituted among themselves a Federal See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union which See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke entirely with the Marxist general See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of the International . Within these federations developed now what may be described as modern Anarchism . After the names of " Federalists " and Anti-authoritarians " had been used for some time by these federations the name of " Anarchists," which their adversaries insisted upon applying to them, prevailed, and finally it was revindicated . See also:

• BAKUNIN, MIKHAIL (1814-1876)

Bakunin (q.v.) soon became the leading seirit among these Latin federations for the development of the principles of Anarchism, which he did in a number of writings, See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets and letters . He demanded the complete abolition of the state, which—he wrote—is a product of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, belongs to a See also:

• LOWER

lower state of civilization, represents the negation of liberty, and spoils even that which it undertakes to do for the sake of general well-being . The state was an historically necessary evil, but its complete extinction will be, sooner or later, equally necessary: Repudiating all legislation, even when issuing from universal suffrage, Bakunin claimed for each nation, each region and each commune, full See also:

• AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy, so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as it is not a menace to its neighbours, and full independence for the individual, adding that one becomes really free only when, and in proportion as, all others are free . Free federations of the communes would constitute free nations . As to his economical conceptions, Bakunin described himself, in common with his Federalist comrades of the International (Cesar De Paepe, See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

Guillaume Schwitzguebel), a " Collectivist Anarchist "—not in the sense of Vidal and Pecqueur in the 'forties, or of their modern Social-Democratic followers, but to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express a state of things in which all necessaries for- production are owned in common by the Labour groups and the free communes, while the ways of retribution of labour, Communist or otherwise, would be settled by each See also:

• GROUP

group for itself . Social revolution, the near approach of which was foretold at that time-by all Socialists, would be the means of bringing into life the new conditions . The Jurassic, the Spanish, and the Italian federations and sections of the International Working Men's Association, as also the French, the German and the American Anarchist groups, were for the next years the chief centres of Anarchist thought and propaganda . They refrained from any participation in parliamentary politics, and always kept in See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close contact with the Labour organizations . However, in the second See also:

• HALF

half of the 'eighties and the early 'nineties of the loth century, when the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the Anarchists began to be See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt in strikes, in the 1st of May demonstrations, where they promoted the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a general strike for an eight hours' See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and in the anti-militarist propaganda in the army, violent prosecutions were directed against them, especially in the Latin countries (including See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture in the See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle) and the United States (the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of five See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago Anarchists in 1887) .

Against these prosecutions the Anarchists retaliated by acts of violence which in their turn were followed by more executions from above, and new acts of revenge from below . This created in the general public the impression that violence is the substance of Anarchism, a view repudiated by its supporters, who hold that in -reality violence is resorted to by all parties in proportion as their open action is obstructed by repression, and exceptional laws render them outlaws . (Cf . Anarchism and See also:

• OUTRAGE (through O. Fr. ultrage, oltrage, oultrage, from Lat. ultra, beyond, exceeding, cf. Ital. oltraggio; the meaning has been influenced by connexion with " rage," anger)

Outrage, by C . M . See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson, and See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report of the Spanish Atrocities See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee, in " Freedom Pamphlets "; A Concise History of the Great Trial of the Chicago Anarchists, by See also:

• DYER, JOHN (c. 1700-1758)
• DYER, SIR EDWARD (d. 1607)
• DYER, THOMAS HENRY (1804-1888)

Dyer Lum (New York, 1886); The Chicago Martyrs: Speeches, Sec.)) . - 1 It is important to remember that the See also:

• TERM

term " Anarchist " is inevitably rather loosely used in public,- in connexion with the authors Anarchism continued to develop, partly in the direction of Proudhonian " Mutuellisme," but chiefly as Communist-Anarchism, to which a third direction, Christian-Anarchism, was added by See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo See also:

• TOLSTOY, LEO (1828-1910)
• TOLSTOY, PETR ANDREEVICH, COUNT (1645–1729)

Tolstoy, and a See also:

• FOURTH

fourth, which might be ascribed as literary-Anarchism, began amongst some prominent modern writers . The ideas of Proudhon, especially as regards mutual banking, corresponding with those of Josiah Warren, found a considerable following in the United States, creating quite a school, of which the main writers are See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

Pearl See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews, William Grene, See also:

• LYSANDER (Gr. Abcavdpos)

Lysander Spooner (who began to write in 185o, and whose unfinished work, Natural Law, was full of promise), and several others, whose names will be found in Dr Nettlan's Bibliographie de l'anarchie . A prominent position among the Individualist Anarchists in America has been occupied by See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin R . See also:

• TUCKER, ABRAHAM (1705-1774)
• TUCKER, JOSIAH (1712-1799)

Tucker, whose See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal Liberty was started in 1881 and whose conceptions are a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of those of Proudhon with those of See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer . Starting from the statement that Anarchistsare egotists, strictly speaking, and that every group of individuals, be it a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• LEAGUE

league of a few persons, or the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress of the United States, has the right to oppress all mankind, provided it has the power to do so, that equal liberty for all and absolute equality oughtto be the law, and " mind every one your own business " is the unique moral law of Anarchism, Tucker goes on to prove that a general and thorough application of these principles would be beneficial and would offer no danger, because the powers of every individual would be limited by the exercise of the equal rights of all others . of a certain class of murderous outrages, and that the same looseness of See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition often applies to the professions of " Anarchism " made by such persons .

As stated above, a philosophic Anarchist would repudiate the connexion . And the general public view which regards Anarchist doctrines indiscriminately is to that extent a confusion of terms . But the following resume of the chief modern so-called " Anarchist " incidents is appended for convenience in stating the facts under the heading where a reader would expect to find them . Between 1882 and 1886, in France, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• KROPOTKIN, PETER ALEXEIVICH, PRINCE (1842- )

Kropotkin, See also:

• LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel and others were imprisoned . In England, Most, one of the German Anarchist leaders, founded See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Freiheit, and, for defending in it the assassination of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander II. at St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, was sentenced to eighteen months' imprisonment with hard labour . After this he moved to the United States, and re-established his See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper there in New York, in May 1886 . During this period there were several Anarchist congresses in the United States . In one at See also:

• ALBANY
• ALBANY, DUKES OF
• ALBANY, LOUISE MAXIMILIENNE CAROLINE, COUNTESS OF (1752-1824)

Albany, in 1878, the revolutionary See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element, led by Justus Schwab, broke away from the others; at See also:

• ALLEGHENY

Allegheny City, in 1879, again there was a rupture between the peaceful and the revolutionary sections . The See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

Voice of the People at St Louis, the Arbeiter Zeitung at Chicago, and the Anarchist at Boston, were the See also:

• ORGANS

organs of the revolutionary element . In 1883, at See also:

• PITTSBURG
• PITTSBURG, or PITTSBURGH

Pittsburg, a congress of twenty-eight delegates, representing twenty-two towns, See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up an address to the working men of America . The See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme it proposed was as follows: First, Destruction of the existing class See also:

• RULE

rule by all means, i.e. energetic, relentless, revolutionary and international action . Second, See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

Establishment of a free society, based upon co-operative organization of production .

Third, Free exchange of equivalent products by and between the productive organizations, without See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce and profit-mongery . Fou>th, Organization of education on a See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular, scientific and equal basis for both sexes . Fifth, Equal rights for all, without distinction of See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex or See also:

• RACE

race . See also:

• SIXTH

Sixth, Regulation of all public affairs by free contracts between the autonomous (See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent) communes and associations, resting on a federalistic basis . This, together with an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the working men to organize, was published in Chicago, See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1883, by a local committee of four, representing French, Bohemian, German and English sections, the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the last being See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August Spies, who was hanged in 1887 for participation in the Haymarket affair in Chicago, 4th May 1886 . This affair was the See also:

• CULMINATION (from Lat. culmen, summit)

culmination of a series of encounters between the Chicago working men and the police, which had covered several years . The meeting of 4th May was called by Spies and others to protest against the action of the police, by whom several working men had been killed in collisions growing out of the efforts to intro-duce the eight hours' day . The See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor of the city attended the meeting, but, finding it peaceful, went See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . The meeting was subsequently entered by the police and commanded to disperse . A See also:

• BOMB

bomb was thrown, several policemen being killed and a number 'wounded . For this See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime eight men were tried in one See also:

• PANEL (O. Fr. panel, mod. panneau, piece of cloth, from Med. Lat. pannellus, diminutive of pannus, cloth)

panel and condemned, seven—Spies, See also:

• PARSONS
• PARSONS (or PERSONS), ROBERT (1546-161o)
• PARSONS, THEOPHILUS (1750-1813)

Parsons, See also:

• ENGEL, ERNST (1821-1896)
• ENGEL, JOHANN JAKOB (1741-1802)

Engel, See also:

• FISCHER
• FISCHER, EMIL (1852– )
• FISCHER, ERNST KUNO BERTHOLD (1824–1907)

Fischer, Fielden, Schwab, and See also:

• LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

Ling—to See also:

• DEATH

death, and one—Neebe—to imprisonment for fifteen He further indicated (following H . Spencer) the difference which exists between the encroachment on somebody's rights and resistance to such an encroachment; between domination and defence: the former being equally condemnable, whether it be encroachment of a criminal upon an individual, or the encroachment of one upon all others, or of all others upon one; while resistance to encroachment is defensible and necessary .

For their self-defence, both the See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen and the group have the right to any violence, including capital punishment . Violence is also justified for enforcing the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of keeping an agreement . Tucker thus follows Spencer, and, like him, opens (in the present writer's See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion) the way for reconstituting under the heading of " defence " all the functions of the state . His criticism of the present state is very searching, and his defence of the rights of the individual very powerful . As regards his economical views B . R . Tucker follows Proudhon . The Individualist Anarchism of the American Proudhonians finds, however, but little sympathy amongst the working masses . Those who profess it—they are chiefly " intellectuals "—soon realize that the individualization they so highly praise is not attainable by individual efforts, and either abandon the ranks of the Anarchists, and are driven into the Liberal individualism of the classical economists, or they retire into a sort of Epicurean a-moralism, or super-man-theory, similar to that of Stirner and See also:

• NIETZSCHE, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1844–1900)

Nietzsche . The great bulk of the Anarchist working men prefer the Anarchist-Communist ideas which have gradually evolved out of the Anarchist See also:

• COLLECTIVISM

Collectivism of the International Working Men's Association . To this direction belong—to name only the better years . The sentences on Fielden and Schwab were commuted by See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

Governor Oglesby to imprisonment for life, on the recommendation of the presiding See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge and the prosecuting See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney .

Ling committed See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide in jail, and Spies, Parsons, Engel and Fischer were hanged, filth November 1887 . On 26th June 1893 an unconditional See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon was granted the survivors, Fielden, Schwab and Neebe, by Governor Altgeld . The reasons for the pardon were stated by the governor to be that, upon an examination of the records he found that the See also:

• JURY

jury had not been See also:

• DRAWN

drawn in the usual manner, but by a special See also:

• BAILIFF

bailiff, who made his own selection and had summoned a " prejudiced jury "; that the " state had never discovered who it was that threw the bomb which killed the policemen, and the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence does not show any connexion whatever between the defendants and the man who did throw it," . or that this man " ever heard or read a word coming from the defendants, and consequently fails to show that he acted on any See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice given by them." Judge See also:

• GARY

Gary, the judge at the trial, published a defence of its See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure in the Century See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine, vol. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii p . 803 . A number of outbreaks in later years were attributed to the propaganda of reform by revolution, like those in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and France in 1892, in which Ravachol was a prominent figure . In 1893 a bomb was exploded in the French Chamber of Deputies by Vaillant . The spirit of these men is well illustrated by the reply which Vaillant made to the judge who reproached him for endangering the lives of See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

innocent men and See also:

• WOMEN

women: " There can be no innocent See also:

• BOURGEOIS
• BOURGEOIS, LEON VICTOR AUGUSTE (1851– )

bourgeois." In 1894 there was an See also:

• EXPLOSION

explosion in a Parisian cafe, and another in a See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre at Barcelona . For the latter outrage six men were executed . See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot of the French Republic was assassinated by an Italian at See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons in the same See also:

• YEAR

year . The empress See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria was assassinated in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1898 . These events, all associated by the public with " Anarchism," led to the passage by the United States Congress of a law, in 1894, to keep out See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign Anarchists, and to deport any who might be found in the country, and also to the assemblage of an international See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, in 1898, to agree upon some See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan for dealing with these revolutionists . It was proposed that their offences should no longer be classed as political, but as common-law crimes, and be made subject to See also:

• EXTRADITION (Lat. cx, out, and traditio, handing over)

extradition .

The suppression of the revolutionary press and the international co-operation of the police were also suggested . The results of the conference were not, however, published; and the question of how to See also:

• DEAL

deal with the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign against society See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell for a while into See also:

• ABEYANCE (O. Fr. abeance, " gaping")

abeyance . The See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt made by the youth Sipido on the (then) prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels in 1900 recalled See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the subject . The acquittal of Sipido, and the failure of the Belgian government to see that justice was done in an affair of such international importance, excited considerable feeling in England, and was the occasion of a strongly-worded See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note from the See also:

• BRITISH

British to the Belgian government . The See also:

• MURDER

murder of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• HUMBERT, RANIERI CARLO EMANUELE GIOVANNI MARIA FERDINANDO EUGENIO, KING OF ITALY (1844-1900)

Humbert of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy in See also:

• JULY

July 1900 renewed the outcry against Ptalian Anarchists . Even greater horror and indignation were excited by the assassination of President See also:

• MCKINLEY, WILLIAM (1843—1901)

McKinley by Czolgoscz on the 6th of September 1901, at See also:

• BUFFALO

Buffalo, U.S.A . And a particularly dastardly attempt was made to See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow up the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young king and See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of Spain on their See also:

• WEDDING

wedding-day in 1906 . (ED . B.B.) known exponents of Anarchism—Elisee See also:

• RECLUS, JEAN JACQUES ELISEE (1830-1905)

Reclus, See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• GRAVE

Grave, Sebastien See also:

• FAURE, FRANCOIS FELIX (1841–18gg)

Faure, Emile Pouget in France; Enrico Malatesta and Covelli in Italy; R . Mella, A . Lorenzo, and the mostly unknown authors of many excellent manifestos in Spain; John Most amongst the Germans; Spies, Parsons and their followers in the United States, and so on; while Domela Nieuwenhuis occupies an intermediate position in See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland . The chief Anarchist papers which have been published since '88o also belong to that direction; while a number of Anarchists of this direction have joined the so-called Syndicalist movement—the French name for the non-political Labour movement, devoted to direct struggle with capitalism, which has lately become so prominent in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe .

As one of the Anarchist-Communist direction, the present writer for many years endeavoured to develop the following ideas: to show the intimate, logical connexion which exists between the modern philosophy of natural sciencesandAnarchism; to put Anarchism on a scientific basis by the study of the tendencies that are apparent now in society and may indicate its further evolution; and to work out the basis of Anarchist See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ethics . As regards the substance of Anarchism itself, it was Kropotkin's aim to prove that Communism—at least partial—has more chances of being established than Collectivism, especially in communes taking the lead, and that Free, or Anarchist-Communism is the only form of Communism that has any See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of being accepted in civilized See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies; Communism and Anarchy are therefore two terms of evolution which complete each other, the one rendering the other possible and acceptable . He has tried, moreover, to indicate how, during a revolutionary period, a large city—if its inhabitants have accepted the idea—could organize itself on the lines of Free Communism; the city guaranteeing to every inhabitant dwelling, See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food and clothing to an extent corresponding to the comfort now available to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle classes only, in exchange for a half-day's, or a five-hours' work; and how all those things which would be considered as luxuries might be obtained by every one if he joins for the other half of the day all sorts of free associations pursuing all possible aims—educational, literary, scientific, artistic, See also:

• SPORTS
• SPORTS, THE BOOK OF

sports and so on . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to prove the first of these assertions he has analysed the possibilities of See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture and See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial work, both being combined with See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain work . And in order to elucidate the main factors of human evolution, he has analysed the See also:

• PART

part played in history by the popular constructive agencies of mutual aid and the historical role of the state . Without naming himself an Anarchist, Leo Tolstoy, like his predecessors in the popular religious movements of the 15th and '6th centuries, Chojecki, Denk and many others, took the Anarchist position as regards the state and property rights, deducing his conclusions from the general spirit of the teachings of the See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ and from the necessary dictates of See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason . With all the might of his See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent he made (especially in The See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom of See also:

• GOD

God in Yourselves) a powerful criticism of the church, the state and law altogether, and especially of the present property laws . He describes the state as the domination of the wicked ones, supported by brutal force . Robbers, he says, are far less dangerous than a well-organized government . He makes a searching criticism of the prejudices which are current now concerning the benefits conferred upon men by the church, the state and the existing See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of property, and from the teachings of the Christ he deduces the rule of non-resistance and the absolute condemnation of all See also:

• WARS

wars . His religious arguments are, however, so well combined with arguments borrowed from a dispassionate observation of the present evils, that the anarchist portions of his works appeal to the religious and the non-religious reader alike . It would be impossible to represent here, in a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch, the penetration, on the one hand, of Anarchist ideas into modern literature, and the influence, on the other hand, which the libertarian ideas of the best comtemporary writers have exercised upon the development of Anarchism .

One ought to consult the ten big volumes of the Supplement litteraire to the paper La revolte and later the Temps nouveaux, which contain repro-ductions from the works of hundreds of modern authors expressing Anarchist ideas, in order to realize how closely Anarchism is connected with all the intellectual movement of our own times . J . S . See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill's Liberty, Spencer's Individual versus The State, Marc Guyau's Morality without See also:

• OBLIGATION

Obligation or See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

Sanction, and See also:

• FOUILLEE, ALFRED JULES EMILE (1838– )

Fouillee's La morale, fart et la religion, the works of Multatuli (E . Douwes See also:

• DEKKER (or DECKER), THOMAS (c. 1570-1641)
• DEKKER, EDWARD DOUWES (182o-1887)
• DEKKER, JEREMIAS DE (1610-1666)

Dekker), See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• WAGNER, ADOLF (1835- )
• WAGNER, RUDOLPH (1805-1864)
• WAGNER, WILHELM RICHARD (1813-1883)

Wagner's See also:

• ART

Art and Revolution, the works of Nietzsche, See also:

• EMERSON, RALPH WALDO (1803-1882)
• EMERSON, WILLIAM (1701-1782)

Emerson, W . See also:

• LLOYD, EDWARD (1845— )
• LLOYD, WILLIAM (1627–1717)
• LLOYD, WILLIAM WATKISS (1813–1893)

Lloyd See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

Garrison, See also:

• THOREAU, HENRY DAVID (1817-1862)

Thoreau, Alexander Herzen, See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840)
• CARPENTER, MIRY (1807-1877)
• CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (1813-1885)

Carpenter and so on; and in the domain of fiction, the dramas of See also:

• IBSEN, HENRIK (1828-1906)

Ibsen, the See also:

• POETRY

poetry of Walt See also:

• WHITMAN, MARCUS (1802-1847)
• WHITMAN, WALT (1819-1892)

Whitman, Tolstoy's War and See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace, See also:

• ZOLA, EMILE EDOUARD CHARLES ANTOINE (1840-1902)

Zola's Paris and Le travail, the latest works of Merezhkovsky, and an infinity of works of less known authors,—are full of ideas which show how closely Anarchism is interwoven with the work that is going on in modern thought in the same direction of enfranchisement Of man from the bonds of the state as well as from those of capitalism .