See also:

• ANATTO (possibly a native American name, with many variants such as annatto, arnotto)

ANATTO (possibly a native See also:

• AMERICAN

American name, with many variants such as annatto, arnotto)  , a colouring See also:

• MATTER

matter produced from the seeds of Bixa orellana (natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Flacourtiaceae), a small See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree which grows in Central and Sauth See also:

• AMERICA

America . The seeds are surrounded with a thin coating of a waxy pulp, which is separated from them by washing in See also:

• WATER

water, passing the liquid through a See also:

• SIEVE (O.E. sife, older sibi, cf. Dutch zeef, Ger. Sieb; from the subst. comes O.E. siftan, to sift)

sieve and allowing the suspended pulp to See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit . The water is then drained away and the See also:

• PASTE (O. Fr. paste, modern pate, Late Lat. pasta, whence also in Span., Port. and Ital., from Gr. 1r&vrrl or 1raara, barley porridge, or salted pottage, ir&ao'ety, to sprinkle with salt)

paste dried, till it is a thick, stiff, unctuous See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass . In this See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state it has a dark See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange-red See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour and is known as " See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll " or " See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag " arnotto, according to the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in which it is put up, but when further dried it is called\ " cake " arnotto . Arnotto is much used by See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians for See also:

• PAINTING

painting their bodies; among civilized communities its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal use is for colouring See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter, See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese and varnishes . It yields a fugitive See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright orange colour, and is to some extent used alone, or in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with other dyes, in the See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing of silks and in See also:

• CALICO

calico See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing . It contains a yellow colouring matter, bixin, C16H2602 . See also:

• ANA

ANA%AGORAS, See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek philosopher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born probably about the See also:

• YEAR

year 500 B.C . (See also:

• APOLLODORUS

Apollodorus ap . Diog . Laert. ii . 7.) At his native See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• CLAZOMENAE (mod. Kelisman)

Clazomenae in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, he had, it appears, some amount of See also:

• PROPERTY

property and prospects of See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, both of which he surrendered, from a fear that they would hinder his See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search after knowledge .

Nothing is known of his teachers; there is no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for the theory that he studied under Hermotimus of Clazomenae, the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• MIRACLE (Lat. miraculum, from mirari, to wonder)

miracle-worker . In See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early manhood (c . 464-462 B.c.) he went to See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, which was rapidly becoming the headquarters of Greek culture . There he is said to have remained for See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years . See also:

• PERICLES (49o-429 B.C.)

Pericles learned to love and admire him and the poet See also:

• EURIPIDES (48o–4o6 B.C.)

Euripides derived from him an See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm for See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and humanity . Some authorities assert that even See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates was among his disciples . His influence was due partly to his astronomical and mathematical See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence, but still more to the ascetic dignity of his nature and his superiority to See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary weaknesses—traits which See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend has embalmed . It was he who brought See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy and the spirit of scientific inquiry from See also:

• IONIA

Ionia to Athens . His observations of the See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial bodies led him to form new theories of the universal order, and brought him into collision with the popular faith . He attempted, not without success, to give a scientific See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows and the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, which he described as a mass of blazing See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, larger than the See also:

• PELOPONNESUS (" Island of Pelops ")

Peloponnesus; the heavenly bodies were masses of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone torn from the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth and ignited by rapid rotation . The ignorant polytheism of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time could not tolerate such explanation, and the enemies of Pericles used the superstitions of their countrymen as a means of attacking him in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of his friend . Anaxagoras was arrested on a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of contravening the established dogmas of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion (some say the charge was one of Medism), and it required all the eloquence of Pericles to secure his acquittal .

Even so he was forced to retire from Athens to See also:

• LAMPSACUS

Lampsacus (434-433 B.C.), where he died about 428 B.C., honoured and respected by the whole See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . It is difficult to See also:

• PRESENT

present the cosmical theory of Anaxagoras in an intelligible See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme . All things have existed in a sort of way from the beginning . But originally they existed in infinitesimally small fragments of themselves, endless in number and inextricably combined throughout the universe . All things existed in this mass, but in a confused and indistinguishable form . There were the seeds (oirEppara) or miniatures of See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn and flesh and See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold in the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive mixture; but these parts, of like nature with their wholes (the opolopepij of See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle), had to be eliminated from the complex mass before they could receive a definite name and See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . The existing See also:

• SPECIES

species of things having thus been transferred, with all their specialities, to the prehistoric See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, they were multiplied endlessly in number, by reducing their See also:

• SIZE

size through continued subdivision; at the same time each one thing is so indissolubly connected with everyother that the keenest See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis can never completely sever them . The See also:

• WORK

work of arrangement, the segregation of like from unlike and the summation of the ol.coto,uep11 into totals of the same name, was the work of Mind or Reason; iravra xpijpara iv opoii • stra vows EABlav See also:

• AURA (from the Gr. for " breath " or " breeze ")

aura &EK6apnve . This See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar thing, called Mind (vows), was no less illimitable than the chaotic mass, but, unlike the Intelligence of Heraclitus (q.v.), it stood pure and See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent (pouvos E¢' lwurou), a thing of finer texture, alike in all its manifestations and every-where the same . This subtle See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent, possessed of all knowledge and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, is especially seen ruling in all the forms of See also:

• LIFE

life . Its first See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, and the only manifestation of it which Anaxagoras describes, is See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

Motion . It originated a rotatory See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement in the mass (a movement far exceeding the most rapid in the See also:

• WORLD

world as we know it), which, arising in one corner or point, gradually extended till it gave distinctness and reality to the aggregates of like parts .

But even after it has done its best, the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original intermixture of things is not wholly overcome . No one thing in the world is ever abruptly separated, as by the See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow of an See also:

• AXE (0. Eng. aex; a word common, in different forms, in the Teutonic languages, and akin to the Greek 41v17; the New English Dictionary prefers the spelling " ax ")

axe, from the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of things . The name given to it signifies merely that in that congeries of fragments the particular " See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed " is preponderant . Every a of this present universe is only a by a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority, and is also in lesser number b, c, d . It is noteworthy that Aristotle accuses Anaxagoras of failing to differentiate between vows and ¢uxii, while Socrates (See also:

• PLATO

Plato, See also:

• PHAEDO

Phaedo, 98 B) See also:

• OBJECTS

objects that his vows is merely a See also:

• DEUS
• DEUS, JOAO DE (1830-1896)

deus ex machina to which he refuses to attribute See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design and knowledge . Anaxagoras proceeded to give some account of the stages in the See also:

• PROCESS

process from original See also:

• CHAOS

chaos to present arrangements . The See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division into See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold mist and warm See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether first See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke the spell of confusion . With increasing cold, the former gave rise to water, earth and stones . The seeds of life which continued floating in the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air were carried down with the rains and produced vegetation . Animals, including See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, sprang from the warm and moist See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay . If these things be so, then the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the senses must be held in slight esteem . We seem to see things coming into being and passing from it; but reflection tells us that decease and growth only mean a new See also:

• AGGREGATION (from the Lat. ad, to, gregare, to collect together)

aggregation (air-yowls) and disruption (&aeptvts) .

Thus Anaxagoras distrusted the senses, and gave the preference to the conclusions of reflection . Thus he maintained that there must be blackness as well as whiteness in See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow; how otherwise could it be turned into dark water ? Anaxagoras marks a turning-point in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of philosophy . With him See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation passed from the colonies of See also:

• GREECE

Greece to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle at Athens . By the theory of See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute constituents of things, and his emphasis on See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical processes in the formation of order, he paved the way for the atomic theory . By his enunciation of the order that comes from reason, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, he suggested, though he seems not to have stated explicitly, the theory that nature is the work of design . The conception of reason in the world passed from him to Aristotle, to whom it seemed the See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn of sober thought after a See also:

• NIGHT

night of disordered dreams . From Aristotle it descended to his commentators, and under the influence of See also:

• AVERROES [Abul - Walid Muhammad ibn - Ahmad Ibn-Muhammad ibn-Rushd] (1126-1198)

Averroes became the See also:

• ENGROSSING

engrossing topic of speculation . AurHoRITIEs.—The fragments of Anaxagoras have been collected by E . Schaubach (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1827), and W . Schorn (See also:

• BONN

Bonn, 1829) ; see also F . W .

A . Mullach, Fragmenta Philos . Graec. i . 243-252 ; A . See also:

• FAIR

Fair-See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, The First Philosophers of Greece (1898) . For See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism see T . See also:

• GOMPERZ, THEODOR (1832– )

Gomperz, Greek Thinkers (Eng. trans., L . See also:

• MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

Magnus, 1901), bk. ii. See also:

• CHAP

chap . 4; E . Bersot, De controversis quibusdam Anaxagorae doctrinis (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1844) ; E . See also:

• ZELLER, EDUARD (1814-1908)

Zeller, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Philosophic der Griechen (Eng. trans., S . F .

Alleyne, 2 vols., See also:

• LONDON

London, 1881) ; J . M . See also:

• ROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816-1853)
• ROBERTSON, GEORGE CROOM (1842-1892)
• ROBERTSON, JOSEPH (1810-1866)
• ROBERTSON, THOMAS WILLIAM (1829-1871)
• ROBERTSON, WILLIAM BRUCE (182o-1886)

Robertson, See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short History of Freethought (London, 1906); W . Windelband, History of Philosophy (Eng. trans., J . H . Tufts, 1893) ; J . I . Beare, Greek Theories of Elementary See also:

• COGNITION (Latin cognitio, from cognoscere, to become acquainted with)

Cognition (1906) ; L . Parmentier, Euripide et Anaxagore (1892) ; F . See also:

• LORTZING, GUSTAV ALBERT (18o1-1851)

Lortzing, " Bericht uber die griechischen Philosophen vor Sokrates " (for the years 1876–1897) in See also:

• BURSIAN, CONRAD (1830–1883)

Bursian's Jahresbericht uber die Fortschritte der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, cxvi . (1904), with references to important articles in See also:

• PERIODICALS

periodicals . (W .

W.; J . M .