ANCIENT  See also:

• HISTORY

HISTORY I . The Beginnings of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

Monarchy . Both the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of Rome are represented in tradition as having been gradually formed by the See also:

• FUSION

fusion of See also:

• SEPARATE

separate communities . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of See also:

• ROMULUS

Romulus is said to have been limited to the See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount . With this were See also:

• UNITED

united before the end of his reign the Capitoline and the Quirinal; Tullus Hostilius added the Caelian, Ancus See also:

• MARTIUS, CARL FRIEDRICH PHILIPP VON (1794—1868)

Martius the Aventine; and finally Servius Tullius included the Esquiline and Viminal, and enclosed the whole seven hills with a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall . The growth of the state closely followed that of the city . To the original See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans on the Palatine were added successively the See also:

• SABINE, SIR EDWARD (1788-1883)

Sabine followers of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Tatius, Albans transplanted by Tullus, Latins by Ancus, and lastly the See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan comrades of Caeles Vibenna . This tradition is supported by other and more See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence . The See also:

• RACE

race of the Luperci on See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 15 was in fact a See also:

• PURIFICATION

purification of the boundaries of the ancient Palatine See also:

• TOWN

town,"1 the " square Rome " of See also:

• ENNIUS, QUINTUS (239-170 B.c.)

Ennius ;2 and the course taken is that described by See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus as the " pomoerium " of the city founded by Romulus' On the Esquiline, See also:

• VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS (116—27 B.C.)
• VARRO, PUBLIUS TERENTIUS

Varro mentions an " ancient city " and an " earthen rampart,"4 and the festival of the Septimontium is evidence of a See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union between this settlement and that on the Palatine.' The fusion of these " Mounts " with a settlement on the Quirinal " See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill " is also attested by trustworthy evidence;' and in, particular the See also:

• LINE

line taken by the procession of the See also:

• ARGEI

Argei represents the enlarged boundaries of these united communities' Lastly, the Servian agger still remains as a See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness to the final enclosure of the various settlements within a single See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring-wall . The united community thus formed was largely of Latin descent . Indications of this are not wanting even in the traditions themselves: King See also:

• FAUNUS (i.e. the "kindly," from Lat. favere, or the " speaker," from fari)

Faunus, who rules the See also:

• ABORIGINES

Aborigines on the Palatine, is Latin; " See also:

• LATINI, BRUNETTO (c. 1210-C. 1294)

Latini " is the name ascribed to the united Aborigines and Trojans; the immediate progenitors of Rome are the Latin See also:

• LAVINIUM

Lavinium and the Latin See also:

• ALBA

Alba . Much evidence in the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, the See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, the institutions and the See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Rome points to the same conclusion .

The speech of the Romans is from the first Latin,' though showing many traces of contact 1 Varro, L.L. vi . 34 . 2 Fest . 258; Varro ap . See also:

• SOLINUS, GAIUS JULIUS

Solinus i . 17 . Tac . See also:

• ANN

Ann. xii . 24 . For a full discussion of the exact limits of the Palatine city see See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, See also:

• DIET

Diet . Geog., s.v . " See also:

• ROMA

Roma "; See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan, Topog. d .

Sled: Rom, i. cap . 2; See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert, Topog. u . Gesch. d . Stadt Rom, i. caps . 1, 2 ; and " See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

Topography " below . 4 L.L. v . 48; cf. ibid . 5o . ' See also:

• FESTUS (? RuFUS or RUFIUS)
• FESTUS, SEXTUS POMPEIUS

Festus 348; Jordan i . 199; Gilbert i . 161 . The seven " montes " are the Palatine with the Vella and Germalus, the Subura, and the three points of the Esquiline (Fagutal, See also:

• OPPIUS, GAIUS

Oppius and Cispius) .

a See See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, R.G . (7th ed.), i . 51 . 7 See also:

• VANCE, ZEBULON BAIRD (1830-1894)

Vance L.L. v . 45, vii . 44; Jordan ii . 237 . e See LATIN LANGUAGE.with the neighbouring dialects of the Sabines and VoIscians and also of Etruscans; the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest gods of Rome—See also:

• SATURN
• SATURN [SATURNUS]

Saturn, See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter, See also:

• JUNO

Juno, See also:

• DIANA

Diana—are all Latin; " rex," " See also:

• PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

praetor," " See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator," " See also:

• CURIA

curia," are Latin titles and institutions' The See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive settlements, with their earthen ramparts and wooden palisades planted upon them out of reach both of human foes and of the See also:

• MALARIA

malaria of the swampy See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low grounds, are only typical of the mode of settlement which the conditions of See also:

• LIFE

life dictated through-out the Latian See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain.10 But tradition insists on the admixture of at least two non-Latin elements, a Sabine and an Etruscan . The question as regards the latter will be more fully discussed hereafter; it is enough to say here that while the evidence of nomenclature (Schulze, Geschichte der Lad . Eigennamen, See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1.904, p . 579, with the modifications suggested in the Classical See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1907) shows that many Etruscan genies were settled within the See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds of the early city, there is no satisfactory evidence that there was any large Etruscan See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• BLOOD

blood.11 With the Sabines it is otherwise . The That union of the Palatine and Quirinal settlements Sebinea which constituted so decisive a See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in the growth in Rome .

of Rome is represented as having been in ' reality a union of the original Latins with a See also:

• BAND

band of Sabine invaders who had seized and held not only the Quirinal Hill, but the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and nearest See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak of the Capitoline Mount . The tradition was evidently deeply rooted . The name of the See also:

• GOD

god See also:

• QUIRINUS

Quirinus, from which that of the Quirinal Hill itself presumably sprang, was popularly connected with the Sabine town of See also:

• CURES

Cures." The ancient worships connected with it were said to be Sabine.'$' One of the three old tribes, the Tities, was believed to represent the Sabine See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element;14 the second and the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings are both of Sabine descent . By the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of See also:

• MODERN

modern writers the substance of the tradition, the fusion of a See also:

• BODY

body of Sabine invaders with the original Latins, is accepted ,as See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical; and even Mommsen allowed its possibility, though he threw back the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of its occurrence to an earlier See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period than that of the union of the two settlements 15 We cannot here enter into the question at length, but some fairly certain points may be mentioned . The See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability of Sabine raids and a Sabine settlement, possibly on the Quirinal Hill, in very early times may be admitted . The incursions of the highland Apennine tribes into the lowlands fill a large See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in early See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian history . The Latins were said to have originally descended from the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain glens near Reate.16 . The invasions of See also:

• CAMPANIA

Campania and of Magna Graecia by Sabine (more correctly Safine) tribes are See also:

• MATTER

matter of history (see See also:

• SAMNITES

SAMNITES), and the Sabines themselves are represented as a restless highland See also:

• PEOPLE

people, ever seeking, new homes in richer lands.17 In very early days they appear on the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of See also:

• LATIUM

Latium, in See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close proximity to Rome, and . Sabine forays are See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar and frequent occurrences in the old legends . But beyond these See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general considerations See also:

• RECENT

recent inquiry enables us to advance to some few definite conclusions . (1) It may now be regarded as established beyond question that the patrician class at Rome sprang from a race other than that of the plebeians . 9 The See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title " rex " occurs on See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions at See also:

• LANUVIUM (more frequently Lanivium in imperial times, mod. Civita Lavinia)

Lanuvium, Tusculuin; See also:

• BOVILLAE

Bovillae; Henzen, Bullettino dell'Inst .

(1868), p . 159; See also:

• ORELLI, HANS KONRAD VON (1846- )
• ORELLI, JOHANN CASPAR VON (1787-1849)

Orelli, 2279; Corp . I . See also:

• LAT

Lat. vi . 2125 . For " dictator " and " praetor," see See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy i . 23, viii . 3; cf . See also:

• MARQUARDT, JOACHIM (1812–1882)

Marquardt, Rom . Staatsverwaltung, i .. 475: for " curia," Serv. on Aen. i . 17; Marquardt i .

467 . "B . Modestov, Introduction a l'histoire romaine (translated from the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian by M . Delines), See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1907, supersedes' other authorities such, as Helbig, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Italiker in d . Poebene;, Pohlmann,Anfange Roms, 4o; See also:

• ABEKEN, HEINRICH (1809-1872)

Abeken, Mittel-Italien, 61 seq . 1' The existence of a Tuscan See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter (Tuscus vices) in early Rome may point to nothing more than the presence in Rome of Etruscan artisans and craftsmen . But see See also:

• ETRURIA

ETRURIA, § Language . 12 . Varro, L.L. v . 51 . 13 Ibid. v . 74; See also:

• SCHWEGLER, ALBERT (1819-1857)

Schwegler i .

248 seq . 14 Ibid. v . 55; Livy i. i3 . 19 Mommsen, R.G. i . 43 . Schwegler (R.G. i..478) accepted the tradition of a Sabine settlement on the Quirinal, and considered thnt in the united state the Sabine element predominated . Volquardsen (Rhein . See also:

• MUS

Mus. xxxiii . 559) believed in a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete Sabine See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest; and so did Zoller (Latium u . Rom, Leipzig, 1878), who, however, placed it after the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the Tarquins . 14 See also:

• CATO, DIONYSIUS
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (234—149 B.c.)
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (95-46 B.c.)
• CATO, PUBLIUS VALERIUS

Cato ap . Dionys. ii .

48, 49 . 17 Ibid. ii . 48, 49 . For' the institution of the" ver sacrum" see Schwegler, Rom . Gesch. i . 240; Nissen, Templum iv, This was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long ago recognized by Schwegler (see his R6mische Geschichte, passim) on the sufficient ground of the great religious cleavage between the two orders . Such See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of mutual contact in religious matters as is apparent all through the history of the city very rarely, if ever, springs from any other source than a real difference of race . This point was See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor W . Ridgeway in his Who were the Romans ? (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1908), where he points out (a) that the deities tended by the three greater or patrician flamens, • namely, Djalis, See also:

• MARTIALIS, QUINTUS GARGILIUS

Martialis, Quirinalis, were all closely connected with the Sabines; (b) further, that the patrician See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, the highly religious ceremony called Confarreatio, differed entirely from the other forms, Usus and Coemptio, which there is See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to attribute to a plebeian origin; (c) that the arms, especially the See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield. carried by the first class in the originally military constitution of Servius Tullius (see below), are characteristic of the warriors of Central See also:

• EUROPE

Europe in the Early See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron and See also:

• BRONZE

Bronze See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age, whereas those of the remaining classes can be shown to have been in general use during the immediately preceding period in the Mediterranean lands . For other archaeological evidence separating the See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

patricians from the plebeians, and connecting the patricians closely with the Sabines the reader must be referred to Ridgeway's See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay . It is, however, well to make See also:

• SPECIAL

special mention here of the tradition, which is given by Livy (ii .

16 . 4), and is undated but not the less probable for being a non-annalistic tradition, preserved in the gees itself, of the prompt welcome given to the Sabine Appius See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius, the founder of the haughtiest of all the Roman See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble families,'by the patricians of Rome and his immediate See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to all their See also:

• POLITICAL

political privileges; Ridgeway points out that this implies, at that early time, a substantial identity of race . On the linguistic See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the question it is well to mention for clearness' See also:

• SAKE

sake that this Saline or patrician class marked its ascendancy all over Central and See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, from the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C. onwards, by its preference for forming ethnic names with the suffix -no- which it frequently imposed also upon the communities whom it brought under its See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . See also:

• SABINI

Sabini (earlier Safini), Romani, Latini, Sidicini, See also:

• ARICINI

Aricini, See also:

• MARRUCINI

Marrucini, and the like are all names formed in this way (see further SABINI) . 2 . It may also now be regarded as certain that what we may See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call the See also:

• LOWER

Lower or Earlier Stratum (or Strata) of See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population in Rome, themselves spoke a language which was as truly Indo-See also:

• EUROPEAN

European as the language of their Saline conquerors . In the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article See also:

• VOLSCI

Volsci will be found evidence for the conclusion that the language of what has been' there entitled the Co-Folk was not less certainly Indo-European, and in some respects probably a less modified form of Indo-European, than that of the Safines . A number of the names formed with the -co- suffix and with the -ati- suffix (which is frequent in the same districts) contain unmistakably Indo-European words such as Graviscae, Marica, dea Marica, Volsci, Casinates, See also:

• SORACTE

Soracte, Interamnites, Auxumates . The fusion of this earlier population with the patricians is far easier to imagine when it is recognized that the two parties spoke kindred though by no means identical See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . It is the essentially Indo-European See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the early inhabitants of the Latin plain which has led many scholars to doubt that there was any racial distinction at all between patricians and plebeians; but the increase of knowledge of the dialects spoken in the different regions of Italy has now enabled us to. See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge this question with very much See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller evidence . 3 . There arises, however, the important question or questions as to the origin, or at least the ethnic connexions of this earlier stratum .

The task of the historic inquirer will not be completely performed until at least some further progress has been made in connecting this earlier population of the western See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of Italy, on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, with one or more of the early races (see See also:

• SICULI

SICULI . See also:

• VENETI

VENETI, See also:

• LIGURIA

LIGURIA, See also:

• PELASGIANS

PELASGIANS) whom tradition declares to have once inhabited the See also:

• SOIL

soil of Latium; and on the other, with the people or peoples whom archaeological See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research reveals to us as having See also:

• LEFT

left behind them different strata of remains, all earlier than the Iron or Roman Age, both in Latium and in other parts of Italy . Professor Ridgeway has taken a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short way with these problems which may prove to be the true one, he classes together as Ligurian all pre-Saline inhabitants of Italy See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save such elements as, like the Etruscans, can be shown to have invaded it over See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea (see ETRURIA, § Language) . This is one of the most promising See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields of investigation now open to scholars, but in view of the confused and mutilated shape in which , the traditions current in ancient times have come down to us, it demands an exceedingly careful See also:

• SCRUTINY (Fr. scrutin, Late Lat. scrulinium, from scrutari, to search or examine thoroughly)

scrutiny of the archaeological and the linguistic evidence, and exceedingly cautious See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment in combining them . The point of outstanding importance is to determine whether the earlier Indo-European population is to be regarded as having been in Italy from the beginning of human habitation . Archaeologists generally like W . Helbig (Die Italiker der Poebene) and more recently B . Modestov (Introduction a l'histoire romaine, Paris, 1907) have been inclined to regard the Ligurians as the most primitive population of Italy, but to distinguish them sharply from the people who built the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Settlement and See also:

• PILE

Pile Dwellings, which appear (with important See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations of type):—(1) in the western See also:

• HALF

half of the. valley of the Po; (2) in the eastern half of the same; (3) in Picenurn; (4) in Latium; and (5) as far See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south as See also:

• TARENTUM
• TARENTUM (Gr. rapas)

Tarentum . One of the most important points in the See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification is the question of the method of See also:

• BURIAL

burial employed at different epochs by the different communities . (See the See also:

• WORKS

works already cited, with that of 0 . Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Ilalie.) The populus See also:

• ROMANUS

Romanus was, we are told', divided into three tribes, Ramnes, Tities and Luceres,' and into See also:

• THIRTY

thirty curiae . The three names; as Schulze has shown The (Lat .

Eigennamen, p . 58o), are neither more nor less people . than the names of three Etruscan gentes (whether or not derived from Saline or Latin originals), and the tradition is a striking result of the Etruscan domination in the 6th century B.c.,2 which we shall shortly consider . Of far greater importance is the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division into curiae . In See also:

• CICERO

Cicero's time there were still curies, curial festivals and curiate assemblies, and modern authors are unquestionably right in regarding the curia as the See also:

• KEYSTONE

keystone of the primitive political See also:

• SYSTEM

system . It was a primitive association held together by par_ ticipation in See also:

• COMMON

common sacra, and possessing common festivals, common priests and a common See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel, See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall and See also:

• HEARTH (a word which appears in various forms in several Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch haard, German Herd, in the sense of " floor ")

hearth;' As separate associations the' curiae were probably older than the Roman state, but,s however this may be, it is certain that of this state when formed they constituted the only effective political subdivisions . The members of the thirty curiae form the populus Romanus, and the earliest known See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of Roman citizenship is the communio sacrorum, See also:

• PARTNERSHIP (earlier forms, partener, parcener, from Late Lat. partionarius for partitionarius, from partitio, sharing, pars, part)

partnership in the curial sacra . Below the curia there was no further political division, for there is no reason to believe that the curia was ever formally subdivided into a fixed number of gentes and families.' At their See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head was the rex, the ruler of the united people . The Roman "king " is not simply either the hereditary and patriarchal See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of a See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan, the priestly head of a The community See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound together by common sacra, but the king elected See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate of a state, but a mixture of all three.5 In ' The tradition connecting the Ramnes . with Romulus and the Tities with Tatius is as old as Ennius (Varro, L.L. v . 55) . The best authdrities on the question, earlier than Schulze's See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch-making See also:

• TREATISE

treatise, are Schwegler i . 505, and Volquardsen, Rhein .

Mus. xxxiii . 538 . 2 They are traditionally connected only with the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate of 300 patres, with the primitive See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion of 3000, with the vestal virgins, and with the See also:

• AUGURS

augurs (Varro, L.L. v . 8i, 89, 91; Livy X . 6; Festus 344; Mommsen •i . 41, 74, 75; Genz, Patricisch . Rom, 90) . ' It is possible that the curiae were originally connected with separate localities; cf. such names as Foriensis, Veliensis (Test . 174; Gilbert i . 213) . ' See also:

• NIEBUHR, BARTHOLD GEORG (1776–1831)
• NIEBUHR, KARSTEN (1733-1815)

Niebuhr's supposition of ten gentes in each curia has nothing in its favour but the confused statement of See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius as to the purely military & teats (Dionys. ii . 7; cf .

See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Philologus, xxxiv . 96) . 5 Rubino, Genz and See also:

• LANGE, ANNE FRANCOISE ELIZABETH (1772—1816)
• LANGE, ERNST PHILIPP KARL (1813—1899)
• LANGE, FRIEDRICH ALBERT (1828—1875)
• LANGE, JOHANN PETER (1802-1884)

Lange Insisted on the hereditary patriarchal character of the kingship, Ihne on its priestly side, Schwegler on its elective . Mommsen came nearest to the view taken in the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text, but They cannot appoint a king but with the consent of the community, and their relation to the king when appointed is one of subordination . Vacancies in their ranks are filled up by him, and they can but give him See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice and counsel when he later times, when no " patrician magistrates" were forthcoming to hold the elections for their successors, a See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure was adopted which was believed to represent the manner in which the early kings had been appointed.) In this procedure the ancient privileges of the old genies and their elders, the importance of maintaining unbroken the continuity of the sacra, on the transmission and observance of which the welfare of the community depended, and thirdly the rights of the freemen, are all recognized . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of a king, the auspicia, and with them the supreme authority, revert to the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of elders, the patres, as representing the genies . By the patres an interrex is appointed, who in turn nominates a second; by him, or even by a third or fourth interrex, a new king is selected in consultation with the patres . The king-designate is then proposed to the freemen assembled by their curiae for their See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance, and finally their formal acceptance is ratified by the patres, as a See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security that the sacra of which they are the guardians have been respected ? Thus the king is in the first instance selected by the representatives of the old genies, and they ratify his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment . In form he is nominated directly by a predecessor from whose hands he receives the auspicia . But it is necessary also that the choice of the patres and the nomination of the interrex should be confirmed by a See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn See also:

• VOTE

vote of the community . It is useless to See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt a precise See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of the prerogatives of the king when once installed in See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office .

Tradition ascribes to him a position and See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers closely resembling those of the heroic kings of See also:

• GREECE

Greece . He rules for life, and he is the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole ruler, unfettered by written statutes . He is the supreme judge, settling all disputes and punishing wrongdoers even with death . All other officials are appointed by him . He imposes taxes, distributes lands and erects buildings . Senate and See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly meet only when he convenes them, and meet for little else than to receive communications from him . In See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war he is See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader,3 and finally he is also the religious head of the community . It is his business to consult the gods on its behalf, to offer the solemn sacrifices and to announce the days of the public festivals . Hard by his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house was the common hearth of the state, where the vestal virgins cherished the sacred See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire . By the side of the king stood the senate, or council of elders . In the descriptions left us of the primitive senate, as in those The of the rex, we can discover traces of a transition from senate. an earlier state of things when Rome was only an assemblage of clans or See also:

• VILLAGE

village communities, allied indeed, but each still ruled by its own chiefs and headmen, to one in which these See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups have been fused into a single state under a common ruler . On the one hand the senate appears as a representative council of chiefs, with inalienable prerogatives of its own, and claiming to be the ultimate depositary of the supreme authority and of the sacra connected with it .

The senators are the patres; they are taken from the leading genies; they hold their seats for life; to them the auspicia revert on the, death of a king; they appoint the interrex from their own body, are consulted in the choice of the new king,° and their See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction is necessary to ratify the vote of the assembled freemen . On the other hand, they are no longer 'supreme . failed to bring out the nature of the See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise on which the kingship rests . ' Cic . De Legg. iii . 3; Livy iv . 7 . Y " Patres auctores facts," Livy i . 22; ," patres fuere auctores," ibid. i . 32 . In 336 B.C . (Livy viii .

12) the Publilian See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law directed that this sanction should be given beforehand, " ante initum suffragium," and thus reduced it to a meaningless form (Livy i . II) . . • It is wrongly identified by Schwegler with the " lex curiata de imperio," which in Cicero's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day followed and did not precede See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election . According to Cicero (De See also:

• REP, REPP, or REPS

Rep. ii . 13, 21), the proceedings included, in addition to the " creation " by the See also:

• COMITIA

comitia curiata and the sanction of the patres, the introduction by the king himself of a lex curiata confer-ring the imperium and auspicia; but this theory, though generally accepted, is probably an inference from the practice of a later time, when the creatio had been transferred to the comitia centuriata . l For the references, see Schwegler 646 seq . lIf the See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy of the rex sacrorum is to be trusted, the " king " could only be chosen from the ranks of the patricii . Cic . See also:

• PRO

Pro Domo, 14; See also:

• GAIUS

Gaius i 122.chooses to consult them . The popular assembly of united Rome in its earliest days was that in which the freemen met and voted by their curiae (comitia curiata8) . The place of assembly was' in the Comitium at the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east end of the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum ,eassembly . .at the See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons and under the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of the' king ' or, failing him, of the interrex .

By the rex or' the interrex the question was put, and the voting took place curiatim, the curiae being called up in turn . The vote of each curia was decided by the majority of individual votes, and a majority of the votes of the curiae determined the final result . But the occasions on which the assembly could exercise its pbwer must have been few . Their right to elect magistrates was apparently limited to the acceptance or rejection of the king proposed by the interrex . Of the passing of See also:

• LAWS

laws, in the later' sense of the See also:

• TERM

term, there is no trace in the kingly period . Dionysius's statement' that they voted on questions of war and See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace is improbable in itself and unsupported by' tradition . They are indeed represented, in one instance, as deciding a See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, but it is by the See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express permission of the king and not of right .° Assemblies of the people were also, and probably more frequently, convened for other purposes . Not only did they meet to hear from the king the announcement of the high' days and holidays for each See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month, and to witness such solemn religious See also:

• RITES

rites' as the inauguration of a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, but their presence (and sometimes their vote) was further required to authorize and attest certain acts; which in a later age assumed a more private character . The disposal of See also:

• PROPERTY

property by will° and the solemn renunciation of See also:

• FAMILY

family or See also:

• GENTILE
• GENTILE, C

gentile sacra 10 could only take placein'the presence of the assembled freemen, while for See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption" (adrogatio) not only their presence but their formal consent was necessary . A history of this early Roman state is out' of the question . The names, See also:

• DATES

dates and achievements of the' first' four kings are all too unsubstantial to form the basis of a sober Rome narrative;12 a few points only can be considered as under the fairly well established . If we except the long event- See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass. less reign ascribed to King Numa, tradition represents the first kings as incessantly at war with their immediate neighbours .

The details of these See also:

• WARS

wars are no doubt mythical; but the implied condition of continual struggle, and the narrow range within which the struggle is confined, may be accepted as true . The picture See also:

• DRAWN

drawn is that of a small community, with a few square See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles of territory, at deadly See also:

• FEUD

feud with its nearest neighbours, within a See also:

• RADIUS

radius' of some See also:

• R2(rt-s2)

r2 m. round Rome . Nor, in spite of the repeated 'victories with which tradition credits Romulus, 'Ancus and Tullus, does there seem to have been any real See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of Roman territory except towards the' sea . See also:

• FIDENAE

Fidenae remains Etruscan;' the Sabine$ continue 'masters up 'to the Anio; See also:

• PRAENESTE (mod. Palestrina)

Praeneste, See also:

• GABII

Gabii and See also:

• TUSCULUM

Tusculum are still untbuched; and on this side it is doubtful if Roman territory, in spite of the possible destruction of Alba, extended to a greater' distance than the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth milestone from Rome." But along the course 8 Cic . De Rep. ii . 13; Dionys. ii . 14, &c . 8 Varro, L.L. v . 155 . For the position of the Comitium, sef~ Smith, Dict . Geog., s.v . " Roma," and Jordan, Topog. d .

Stadt Rom . (Petersen) . 7 Dionys. i.e . 8 Livvyyi . 2b; Dionys. iii . 22 . 9 Gains ii . Iox . 10 See also:

• GELL, SIR WILLIAM (1777-1836)

Gell.xv.:27 . u Gell. v . 19, " Comitia praebentur,.quae curiata appellantus." Cf . Cic .

Pro Domo, 13, 14; and see ROMAN Law . 19 By far the most complete See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of the traditional accounts of the first four kings will be found in Scltwegler's Rom . Geschichte, vol. i . ; compare also Ihne's Early Rome and See also:

• SIR

Sir G . C . See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis's Credibility'of Early Roman History . More recently, E . Pais (See also:

• SCORIA (Lat. scoria, slag)

Scoria d'Italia) has subjected the early legends to learned and often suggestive criticism, but without attaining very solid results . 13 The fossa Cluilia, 5 ni. from Rome (Livy ii . 39), is regarded by Schwegler (i . 585) and by Mommsen (i . 45)' as marking the Roman frontier towards Latium .

Cf . See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid . Fast. ii . • 681; See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo 230, " tlfra f 1, See also:

• TRAY

tray roil V&IA1rrov Kal 700 EKTOU XWOU . . . TOADS 4fjffTOl . . . 6p&ov rt]S rGrs 'P47/LaLwv yin." of the See also:

• TIBER (anc. Tiberis; Ital. Tevere)

Tiber below the city there was a decided ,advance . The fortification of the janiculum, the See also:

• BUILDING

building of the pons sub-fides, the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of See also:

• OSTIA

Ostia and the acquisition of the See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt-works near the sea may all be safely ascribed to this early period; Closely connected, too, with the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the Tiber from Rome to the sea was the subjugation of the See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty Latin communities lying south of the See also:

• RIVER

river; and the tradition of the conquest and destruction of Politorium, Tellenae and Ficana is confirmed by the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence in historical, times. of any Latin communities in this See also:

• DISTRICT

district . With the reign of the fifth king Tarquinius See also:

• PRISCUS

Priscus a marked See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change takes place . The traditional accounts of the last three The kings not only See also:

• WEAR

wear a more historical See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air than those of T, the first four, but they describe something like a trans- formation of the Roman city and state . Under the See also:

• RULE

rule of these latter kings the separate settlements are for the first time enclosed with a rampart of See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal See also:

• SIZE