ANDAMAN ISLANDS  , a See also:

• GROUP

group of islands in the See also:

• BAY

Bay of See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal . Large and small, they number 204, and See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie 590 M. from the mouth of the See also:

• HUGLI, or HOOGHLY

Hugli, 120 M. from Cape Negrais in See also:

• BURMA

Burma, the nearest point of the mainland, and 34o M. from the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern extremity of See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra . Between the Andamans and Cape Negrais intervene two small See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, Preparis and Cocos; between the Andamans and Sumatra lie the Nicobar Islands, the whole group stretching in a See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve, to which the See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian forms a tangent between Cape Negrais and Sumatra; and though this curved See also:

• LINE

line See also:

• MEASURES

measures 700 m., the widest See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea space is about 91 M . The extreme length of the Andaman group is 219 M. with an extreme width of 32 M . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• PART

part of it consists of a See also:

• BAND

band of five See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief islands, so closely adjoining and overlapping each other that they have See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been known collectively as " the See also:

• GREAT

great Andaman." The See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of this band, almost a meridian line, is 156 See also:

• STATUTE

statute See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles long . The five islands are in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order from See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south: North Andaman (51 M. long); See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Andaman (59 m.); South Andaman (49 m.); Baratang, See also:

• RUNNING

running parallel to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the South Andaman for 17 M. from the Middle Andaman; and See also:

• RUTLAND
• RUTLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RUTLAND, JOHN JAMES ROBERT MANNERS, 7TH DUKE OF (1818-1906)

Rutland See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island (11 m.) . Four narrow straits part these islands: See also:

• AUSTIN
• AUSTIN, ALFRED
• AUSTIN, JOHN (179o-1859)
• AUSTIN, SARAH (1793-1867)
• AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER (1793-1836)

Austin Strait, between North and Middle Andaman; Homfray's Strait between Middle Andaman and Baratang, and the north extremity of South Andaman; Middle (or Andaman) Strait between Baratang and South Andaman; and See also:

• MACPHERSON, JAMES (1736–1796)
• MACPHERSON, SIR DAVID LEWIS (1818–1896)

Macpherson Strait between South Andaman and Rutland Island . Of these only the last is navigable by ocean-going vessels . Attached to the chief islands are, on the extreme N., Landfall Islands, separated by the navigable Cleugh Passage; Interview Island, separated by the very narrow but navigable Interview Passage, off the W. See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the Middle Andaman; tne See also:

• LABYRINTH (Gr. Xa(3vpcvOos, Lat. labyrinthus)

Labyrinth Island off the S.W. coast of the South Andaman, through which is the safe navigable See also:

• ELPHINSTONE, MOUNTSTUART (1779-1859)
• ELPHINSTONE, WILLIAM (1431-1514)

Elphinstone Passage; See also:

• RITCHIE, CHARLES THOMSON RITCHIE, 1ST BARON (1838-1906)
• RITCHIE, DAVID GEORGE (1853-1903)

Ritchie's (or the Andaman) See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago off the E. coast of the South Andaman and Baratang, separated by the wide and safe Diligent Strait and intersected by Kwangtung Strait and the Tadma Juru (Strait) . Little Andaman, roughly 26 m. by 16, forms the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern extremity of the whole group and lies 31 M . S. of Rutland Island across See also:

• DUNCAN
• DUNCAN, ADAM DUNCAN, 1ST VISCOUNT (1731-1804)
• DUNCAN, PETER MARTIN (1824-1891)
• DUNCAN, THOMAS (1807—1845)

Duncan Passage, in which lie the Cinque and other islands, forming See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

Manners Strait, the main commercial See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway between the Andamans and the See also:

• MADRAS

Madras coast . Besides these are a great number of islets lying off the shores of the main islands .

The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal outlying islands are the North See also:

• SENTINEL, or SENTRY

Sentinel, a dangerous island of about 28 sq. m., lying about 18 m. off the W. coast of the South Andaman; the remarkable marine See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano, Barren Island (1150 ft.), quiescent for more than a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, 71 M . N.E. of See also:

• PORT

Port See also:

• BLAIR, FRANCIS PRESTON (1791–1876)
• BLAIR, HUGH (1718-1800)
• BLAIR, JAMES (1656`1743)
• BLAIR, ROBERT (1699—1746)

Blair; and the equally curious isolated See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain, the See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct volcano of Narcondam, rising 2330 ft. out of the sea, 71 M . E. of the North Andaman . The See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• AREA

area of the Andaman Islands is 2508 sq. m . About 18 m. to the W. of the Andamans are the dangerous Western See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

Banks and Dalrymple See also:

• BANK

Bank, rising to within a few fathoms of the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the sea and forming, with the two Sentinel Islands, the tops of a line of submarine hills parallel to the Andamans . Some 40 M. distant to the E. is the Invisible Bank, with one See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock just awash; and 34 M . S.E. of Narcondam is a submarine See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill rising to 377 fathoms below the surface of the sea . Narcondam, Barren Island and the Invisible Bank, agreat danger of these seas, are in a line almost parallel to the Andamans inclining towards them from north to south . See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

Topography.—The islands forming Great Andaman consist of a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of hills enclosing very narrow valleys, the whole covered by an exceedingly dense tropical See also:

• JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

jungle . The hills rise, especially on the east coast, to a considerable See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation: the chief heights being in the North Andaman, See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

Saddle See also:

• PEAK, THE

Peak (2400 ft.); in the Middle Andaman, See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• DIAVOLO, FRA (1771-1806)

Diavolo behind See also:

• CUTHBERT, SAINT (d. 687)

Cuthbert Bay (1678 ft.) ; in the South Andaman, Koiob (1505 ft.), Mount Harriet (1193 ft.) and the Cholunga range (1063 ft.); and in Rutland Island, See also:

• FORD, EDWARD ONSLOW
• FORD, JOHN (r586–c.1640)
• FORD, RICHARD (1796-1858)
• FORD, THOMAS (b. c. 158o)

Ford's Peak (1422 ft.) . Little Andaman, with the exception of the extreme north, is practically See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat . There are no See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and few perennial streams in the islands .

The scenery is every-where strikingly beautiful and varied, and the See also:

• CORAL

coral beds of the more secluded bays in its harbours are conspicuous for their exquisite colouring . Harbours.—The coasts of the Andamans are deeply indented, giving existence to a number of safe harbours and tidal creeks, which are often surrounded by See also:

• MANGROVE

mangrove swamps . The chief harbours, some of which are very capacious, are (starting north-wards from Port Blair, the great See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of South Andaman) on the E. coast: Port Meadows, See also:

• COLEBROOKE, HENRY THOMAS (1765-1837)

Colebrooke Passage, Elphinstone Harbour (Homfray's Strait), See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

Stewart See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound and Port See also:

• CORNWALLIS, CHARLES CORNWALLIS
• CORNWALLIS, SIR WILLIAM (1744-1819)

Cornwallis . The last three are very large . On the W. coast: See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple Sound, Interview Passage, Port See also:

• ANSON, GEORGE ANSON, BARON (1697-1762)

Anson or Kwangtung Harbour (large), Port See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell (large), Port Mouat and Macpherson Strait . There are besides many other safe anchorages about the coast, notably Shoal Bay and Kotara Anchorage in the South Andaman; Cadell Bay and the Turtle Islands in the North Andaman; and See also:

• OUTRAM, SIR JAMES (1803—1863)

Outram Harbour and Kwangtung Strait in the archipelago . The whole of the Andamans and the out-lying islands were completely surveyed topographically by the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Survey See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department under See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel Hobday in 1883-1886, and the surrounding seas were charted by See also:

• COMMANDER

Commander See also:

• CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840)
• CARPENTER, MIRY (1807-1877)
• CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (1813-1885)

Carpenter in 1888-1889 . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The Andaman Islands, in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with the other groups mentioned above, See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form part of a lofty range of submarine mountains, 700 M. long, running from Cape Negrais in the See also:

• ARAKAN

Arakan Yoma range of Burma, to See also:

• ACHIN (Dutch At1eh)

Achin See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head in Sumatra . This range separates the Bay of Bengal from the Andaman Sea; and it contains much that is geologically characteristic of the Arakan Yoma, and formations See also:

• COMMON

common also to the Nicobars and to Sumatra and the adjacent islands . The older rocks are See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary or See also:

• LATE

late Cretaceous but there are no fossils to indicate See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . The newer rocks, common also to the Nicobars and Sumatra, are in Ritchie's Archip-lago chiefly and contain radiolarians and See also:

• FORAMINIFERA

foraminifera . There is coral along the coasts everywhere, and the Sentinel Islands are composed of the newer rocks with a super-structure of coral .

A theory of a still continuing subsidence of the islands was formed by See also:

• KURZ, HERMANN (1813—1873)

Kurz in 1866 and confirmed by See also:

• OLDHAM
• OLDHAM, JOHN (1653–1683)
• OLDHAM, THOMAS (1816–1878)

Oldham in 1884 . Signs of its continuance are found on the east coast in several places . Barren Island is a volcano of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general Sunda group which includes also the See also:

• PEGU

Pegu group to which Narcondam belongs . Barren Island was last in eruption in 1803, but there is still a thin See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam from a See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top and a variable hot See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring at the point where the last outburst of See also:

• LAVA

lava flowed into the sea . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—Rarely affected by a See also:

• CYCLONE (Gr. KVKAwv, whirling, from KbK)^os, a circle)

cyclone, though within the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of practically every one that blows in the Bay of Bengal, the Andamans are of the greatest importance because of the accurate See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information See also:

• RELATING

relating to the direction and intensity of storms which can be communicated from them better than from any other point in the bay, to the vast amount of See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping in this part of the Indian Ocean . Trustworthy information also regarding the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather which may be expected in the north and east of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, is obtained at the islands, and this proves of the utmost value to the controllers of the great trades dependent upon the rainfall . A well-appointed meteorological station has been established at Port Blair since 1868 . Speaking generally, the climate of the Andamans themselves may be described as normal for tropical islands of similar See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude . It is warm always, but tempered by pleasant sea-breezes; very hot when the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun is northing; irregular rainfall, but usually dry during the north-east, and very wet during the south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• MONSOON
• MONSOON (Arabic Mausim, season)

monsoon . Not only does the rainfall at one See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place vary from See also:

• YEAR

year to year, but there is an extraordinary difference in the returns for places quite See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to one another . The See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official figures in inches for the station at Port Blair, which is situated in by far the driest part of the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement, were: 125.64 107.28 136.41 127.22 87.01 83.28 132.50 A tidal See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory has also been maintained at Port Blair since 1880 . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—A See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the See also:

• FOREST

Forest Department of India has been established in the Andamans since 1883, and in the See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood of Port Blair 156 sq. m. have been set apart for See also:

• REGULAR

regular forest operations which are carried on by convict labour .

The chief See also:

• TIMBER

timber of indigenous growth is padouk (Pterocarpus dalbergioides) used for buildings, boats, See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture, See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• JOINERY

joinery and all purposes to which See also:

• TEAK

teak, See also:

• MAHOGANY

mahogany, See also:

• HICKORY

hickory, See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak and ash are applied . This See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree is widely spread and forms a valuable export to Enrnpean markets . Other first-class timbers are koko (Albizzia lebbek), See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white chuglam (Terminalia. bialata), See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black chuglam (Myristica irya), See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble or See also:

• ZEBRA

zebra See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood (Diospyros kurzii) and satin-wood (Murraya exotica), which differs from the satin-wood of See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon (Chloroxylon swietenia) . All of these timbers are used for furniture and similar purposes . In addition there are a number of second-and third-class timbers, which are used locally and for export to See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta . Gangaw (Messua ferrea) the See also:

• ASSAM

Assam See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-wood, is suitable for sleepers; and didu (Bombax insigne) is used for See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea-boxes and packing-cases . Among the imported flora are tea, Siberian See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, See also:

• COCOA

cocoa, See also:

• CEARA

Ceara See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber (which has not done well), See also:

• MANILA

Manila See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, teak, cocoanut and a number of ornamental trees, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit-trees, vegetables and See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden See also:

• PLANTS

plants . Tea is grown in considerable quantities and the cultivation is under a department of the penal settlement . The general See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the forests is Burmese with an admixture of See also:

• MALAY

Malay types . Great mangrove swamps See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply unlimited See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-wood of the best quality . The great peculiarity of Andaman flora is that, with the exception of the Cocos islands, no cocoanut palms are found in the archipelago . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

Animal See also:

• LIFE

life is generally deficient throughout the Andamans, especially as regards See also:

• MAMMALIA (from Lat. mamma, a teat or breast)

mammalia, of which there are only nineteen See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• SPECIES

species in all, twelve of these being See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to the islands .

There is a small See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig (See also:

• SUS

Sus andamanensis) , important to the See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, and a See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild cal: (Paradoxurus tytleri); but the bats(sixteen species) and rats(thirteen species) constitute nearly three-fourths of the known mammals . This paucity of animal life seems inconsistent with the theory that the islands were once connected with the mainland . Most of the birds also are derived from the distant Indian region, while the Indo-Burmese and Indo-Malayan regions are represented to a far less degree . Rasorial birds, such as peafowl, junglefowl, pheasants and partridges, though well represented in the Arakan hills, are rare in the islands; while a third of the different species found are peculiar to the Andamans . Moreover, the Andaman species differ from those of the adjacent Nicobar Islands . Each group has its distinct See also:

• HARRIER

harrier-See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle, red-cheeked paroquet, See also:

• ORIOLE (O. Fr. Oriol, Lat. aureolus)

oriole, sun-See also:

• BIRD

bird and bulbul . See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

Fish are very numerous and many species are peculiar to the Andaman seas . Turtles are abundant and supply the Calcutta See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market . Of imported animals, See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, goats, asses and See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs thrive well, ponies and horses indifferently, and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep badly, though some success has been achieved in breeding them . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.—The Andaman Islands, so near countries that have for ages attained considerable See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization and have been the seat of great empires, and close to the track of a great See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce which has gone on at least 2000 years, are the See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode of savages as See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low in civilization as almost any known on See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth . Our earliest See also:

• NOTICE

notice of them is in a remarkable collection of early Arab notes on India and See also:

• CHINA

China (A.D . 851) which accurately represents the view entertained of this. people by mariners down to See also:

• MODERN

modern times .

" The inhabitants of these islands eat men alive . Theyare black, with woolly See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, and in their eyes and countenances there is something quite frightful .... They go naked and have no boats . If they had, they would devour all who passed near them . Sometimes See also:

• SHIPS

ships that are windbound and have exhausted their See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of See also:

• WATER

water, See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch here and apply to the natives for it; in such cases the crews sometimes fall into the hands of the latter and most of them are massacred." The traditional See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of See also:

• CANNIBALISM

cannibalism has been very persistent; but it is entirely denied by the islanders themselves, and is now and probably always has been untrue . Of their massacres of See also:

• SHIP

ship-wrecked crews, even in quite modern times, there is no doubt, but the policy of conciliation unremittingly pursued for the last See also:

• FORTY

forty years has now secured a friendly reception for shipwrecked crews at any port of the islands except the south and west of Little Andaman and North Sentinel Island . The Andamanese are probably the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of a See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro See also:

• RACE

race that once inhabited the S.E. portion of See also:

• ASIA

Asia and its outlying islands, representatives of which are also still to be found in the Malay See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula and the See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip-pines . Their antiquity and their stagnation are attested by the remains found in their See also:

• KITCHEN (O.E. cycene; this and other cognate forms, such as Dutch keuken, Ger. Kiuche, Dan. kokken, Fr. cuisine, are formed from the Low Lat. cucina, Lat. coquina, coquere, to cook)

kitchen-middens . These are of great age, and rise sometimes to a height exceeding 15 ft . The fossil shells, pottery and See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone implements, found alike at the See also:

• BASE

base and at the surface of these middens, prove that the habits of the islanders have not varied since a remote past, and See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to the belief that the Andamans were settled by their See also:

• PRESENT

present inhabitants some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time during the See also:

• PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, and certainly no later than the See also:

• NEOLITHIC, or LATER STONE AGE (Gr. vEOr, new, and XLOos, stone)

Neolithic age . The population is not susceptible of accurate computation, but probably it has always been small . The estimated See also:

• TOTAL

total at a See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census taken in 1901 was only 2000 .

Though all descended from one stock, there are twelve distinct tribes of the Andamanese, each with its own clearly-defined locality, its own distinct variety of the one fundamental See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and to a certain extent its own separate habits . Every tribe is divided into septa fairly well defined . The tribal feeling may be expressed as friendly within the tribe, courteous to other Andamanese if known, hostile to every stranger, Andamanese or other . Another See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the natives is into Aryauto or long-See also:

• SHORE

shore-men, and the Eremtaga or jungle-dwellers . The habits and capacities of these two differ, owing to surroundings, irrespectively of tribe . Yet again the Andamanese can be grouped according to certain salient characteristics: the forms of the bows and arrows, of the canoes, of ornaments and utensils, of See also:

• TATTOOING (Tahitian, tatu, from ta, mark)

tattooing and of language . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average height of See also:

• MALES

males is 4 ft . 102 in.; of See also:

• FEMALES

females, 4 ft . 6 in . Being accustomed to gratify every sensation as it arises, they endure thirst, See also:

• HUNGER

hunger, want of food and bodily discomfort badly . The skin varies in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour from an intense sheeny black to a reddish-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown on the See also:

• COLLAR

collar-bones, cheeks and other parts of the See also:

• BODY

body . The hair varies from a sooty black to dark and See also:

• LIGHT

light brown and red .

It grows in small rings, which give it the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of growing in tufts, though it is really closely and evenly distributed over the whole See also:

• SCALP (0. Dutch schelpe, a shell)

scalp . The figures of the men are See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular and well-formed and generally pleasing; a straight, well-formed See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose and See also:

• JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected with " chaw " and " chew," and in form with " jowl ")

jaw are by no means rare, and the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men are often distinctly See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good-looking . The only artificial deformity is a depression of the See also:

• SKULL

skull, chiefly among one of the southern tribes, caused by the pressure of a strap used for carrying loads . The pleasing appearance natural to the men is not a characteristic of the See also:

• WOMEN

women, who early have a tendency to stoutness and ungainliness of figure, and sometimes to pronounced See also:

• PROGNATHISM (Gr. 7rpb, forward, and yv&Oos, jaw)

prognathism . They are, however, always See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright and merry, are under no See also:

• SPECIAL

special social restrictions and have considerable influence . The women's heads are shaved entirely and the men's into fantastic patterns . Yellow and red ochre mixed with grease are coarsely smeared over the bodies, See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey in coarse patterns and white in fine patterns resembling See also:

• TATTOO

tattoo marks . Tattooing is of two distinct varieties . In the south the body is slightly cut by women with small flakes of See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass or See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz in zigzag or lineal patterns downwards . In the north it is deeply cut by men with pig-arrows in lines across the body . The male matures when about fifteen years of age, marries when about twenty-six, begins to age when about -forty, and lives on to sixty or sixty-five if he reaches old age . Except 1895 .

1898 . 1897 . 1900 . 1901 . 1896 . 1899 . as to the marrying age, these figures fairly apply to women . Before See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage See also:

• FREE

free intercourse between the sexes is the See also:

• RULE

rule, though certain conventional precautions are taken to prevent it . Marriages rarely produce more than three See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children and often none at all . See also:

• DIVORCE

Divorce is rare, unfaithfulness after marriage not common and See also:

• INCEST (Lat. incestus, unchaste)

incest unknown . By preference the Andamanese are exogamous as regards See also:

• SEPT

sept and endogamous as regards tribe . The children are po3sessed of a bright intelligence, which, how-ever, soon reaches its See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax, and the adult may be compared in this respect with the civilized See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of ten or twelve .

The Andamanese are, indeed, bright and merry companions, busy in their own pursuits, keen sportsmen, naturally See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent and not lustful, but when angered, cruel, jealous, treacherous and vindictive, and always unstable—in fact, a people to like but not to See also:

• TRUST

trust . There is no See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, but in each sept there is a head, who has attained that position by degrees on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of some tacitly admitted superiority and commands a limited respect and some obedience . The young are deferential to their elders . Offences are punished by the aggrieved party . See also:

• PROPERTY

Property is communal and See also:

• THEFT

theft is only recognized as to things of See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity, such as arrows,. pigs' flesh and fire . Fire is the one thing they are really careful about, not knowing how to renew it . A very rude See also:

• BARTER (from Fr. barater, to truck, to exchange)

barter exists between tribes of the same group in regard to articles not locally obtainable . The See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion consists of fear of the See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits of the wood, the sea, disease and ancestors, and of avoidance of acts traditionally displeasing to them . There is neither See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship nor propitiation . An anthropomorphic deity, Puluga, is the cause of all things, but it is not necessary to propitiate him . There is a vague idea that the " soul " will go some-where after See also:

• DEATH

death, but there is no See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven nor See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

hell, nor idea of a corporeal resurrection . There is much faith in dreams, and in the utterances of certain " See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise men," who practise an embryonic magic and See also:

• WITCHCRAFT

witchcraft .

The great amusement of the Andamanese is a formal See also:

• NIGHT

night See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

dance, but they are also fond of See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games . The bows differ altogether with each group, but the same two kinds of arrows are in general use: (1) long and See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary for fishing and other purposes; (2) See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short with a detachable head fastened to the See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft by a thong, which quickly brings pigs up short when shot in the thick jungle . Bark provides material for See also:

• STRING

string, while baskets and mats are neatly and stoutly made from canes and buckets out of See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo and wood . None of the tribes ever ventures out of sight of land, and they have no idea of steering by sun or stars . Their canoes are simply hollowed out of trunks with the See also:

• ADZE (from the Old Eng. adesa, of which the origin is unknown)

adze and in no other way, and it is the smaller ones which are outrigged; they do not last long and are not good sea-boats, and the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of raids on See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

Car Nicobar, out of sight across a stormy and sea-rippled channel, must be discredited . See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour is shown to an adult when he See also:

• DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies, by wrapping him in a See also:

• CLOTH

cloth and placing him on a See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform in a tree instead of burying him . At such a time the encampment is deserted for three months . The Andaman See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages are extremely interesting from the philological standpoint . They are agglutinative in nature, show hardly any signs of syntactical growth though every indication of long etymological growth, give expression to only the most See also:

• DIRECT

direct and the simplest thought, and are purely colloquial and wanting in the modifications always necessary for communication by See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing . The sense is largely eked out by manner and See also:

• ACTION

action . Mincopie is the first word in Colebrooke's vocabulary for " Andaman Island, or native See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country," and the See also:

• TERM

term—though probably a mishearing on Colebrooke's part for Mongebe (" I am an Onge," i.e. a member of the Onge tribe)—has thus become a persistent See also:

• BOOK

book-name for the people . At-tempts to civilize the Andamanese have met with little success either among adults or children .

The See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home established near Port Blair is used as a sort of free See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum which the native visits according to his See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure . The policy of the government is to leave the Andamanese alone, while doing what is possible to ameliorate their See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . Penal See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

Settle See also:

• MEAL

meal—The point of enduring See also:

• INTEREST

interest as regards the Andamans is the penal See also:

• SYSTEM

system, the See also:

• OBJECT

object of which is to turn the life-See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence and few long-sentence convicts, who alone are sent to the settlement, into honest, self-respecting men and957 women, by leading them along a continuous course of practice in self-help and self-See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint, and by offering them every inducement to take See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of that practice . After ten years' graduated labour the convict is given a See also:

• TICKET (O. Fr. esliquet, also estiquette, mod. etiquette, from Ger. sleeken, to stick up)

ticket-of-leave and becomes self-supporting . He can See also:

• FARM

farm, keep cattle, and marry or send for his See also:

• FAMILY

family, but he cannot leave the settlement or be idle . With approved conduct, however, he may be absolutely released after twenty to twenty-five years in the settlement; and throughout that time, though possessing no See also:

• CIVIL

civil rights, a quasi-judicial See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure controls all punishments inflicted upon him, and he is as secure of obtaining See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice as if free . There is an unlimited variety of See also:

• WORK

work for the labouring convicts, and some of the establishments are on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . Very few experts are employed in supervision; practically everything is directed by the officials, who themselves have first to learn each See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . Under the chief See also:

• COMMISSIONER

comm