ANGINA PECTORIS (Latin for " See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain of the See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest ")  , a See also:

• TERM

term applied to a violent See also:

• PAROXYSM (Med. Lat. paroxysntus, from the Gr. wapotbvety, to make sharp, odes)

paroxysm of See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain, arising almost invariably in connexion with disease of the coronary See also:

• ARTERIES (Gr. ap-rnpia, probably from a"spew, to raise, but popularly connected by the ancients with ai7P, air)

arteries, a See also:

• LESION (through Fr. from Lat. laesio, injury, laedere, to hurt)

lesion causing progressive degeneration of the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart muscle (see HEART: Disease) . An attack of angina pectoris usually comes on with a sudden seizure of pain, See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt at.first over the region of the heart, but radiating through the See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest in various directions, andfrequently extending down the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm . A feeling of constriction and of suffocation accompanies the pain, although there is seldom actual difficulty in breathing . When the attack comes on, as it often does, in the course of some bodily exertion, the sufferer is at once brought to See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, and during the continuance of the paroxysm experiences the most intense agony . The countenance becomes See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale, the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the See also:

• BODY

body See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, the See also:

• PULSE

pulse feeble, and See also:

• DEATH

death appears to be imminent, when suddenly the attack subsides and See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• RELIEF

relief is obtained . The duration of a paroxysm rarely exceeds two or three minutes, but it may last for a longer See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The attacks are See also:

• APT

apt to recur on slight exertion, and even in aggravated cases without any such exciting cause . Occasionally the first seizure proves fatal; but more commonly death takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place as the result of repeated attacks . Angina pectoris is extremely rare under See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• LIFE

life, and is much more See also:

• COMMON

common in See also:

• MALES

males than in See also:

• FEMALES

females . It must always be regarded as a disorder of a very serious nature . In the treatment of the paroxysm, nitrite of amyl has now replaced all other remedies . It can be carried by the patient in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of nitrite of amyl pearls, each See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl containing the dose prescribed by the physician .

Kept in this way the See also:

• DRUG
• DRUG (from Fr. drogue, a word common in Romance languages, cf. Span. and Ital. droga; the origin of the word is obscure, but may possibly be connected with Dutch droog, dry)

drug does not lose strength . As soon as the pain begins the patient crushes a pearl in his handkerchief and holds it to his mouth and See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose .. The relief given in this way is marvellous and usually takes place within a very few seconds . In the rare cases where this drug does not relieve, hypodermic injections of morphia are used . But on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the well-known dangers of this drug, it should only be administered by a medical See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . To prevent recurrence of the attacks something may be done by scrupulous See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• HEALTH

health, and by the avoidance of See also:

• MENTAL

mental and See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain . But the most important preventive of all is " See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed," of which fourteen days must be enforced on the least See also:

• PREMONITION (from Lat. prae, before, monere, to advise or warn)

premonition of anginal pain . Pseudo-angina.—In connexion with angina pectoris, a far more common See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition must be mentioned that has now universally received the name of pseudo-angina . This includes the praecordial pains which very closely resemble those of true angina . The essential difference lies in the fact that pseudo-angina is See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of structural disease of the heart and coronary arteries . In true angina there is some condition within the heart which starts the stimulus sent to the See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve centres . In pseudo-angina the starting-point is not the heart but some peripheral or visceral nerve .

The impulse passes thence to the medulla, and so reaching the sensory centres starts a feeling of pain that radiates into the chest or down the arm . There are three See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main varieties:—(1) the reflex, (2) the vaso-motor, (3) the toxic . The reflex is by far the most common, and is generally due to irritation from one of the abdominal See also:

• ORGANS

organs . An attack of pseudo-angina may be agonizing, the pain radiating through the chest and into the left arm, but the patient does not usually assume the motionless attitude of true angina, and the duration of the seizure is usually much longer . The treatment is that of the underlying neurosis and the See also:

• PROGNOSIS (Gr. apayvcooas, knowledge of recognition before-hand, from 'IrpoycyvwaKEtP, to know beforehand, cf. " prognostication," prediction)

prognosis is a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good one, sudden death not occurring .