ANGLICAN  COMMUNION; ECCLESIASTICAL See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

JURISDICTION; See also:

• VESTMENTS

VESTMENTS; See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

MASS . The number of " denominations " by whom buildings were certified for See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship up to 1895 was 293 (see See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list in See also:

• WHITAKER, JOSEPH (1820-1895)

Whitaker's Almanack, 1896, p . 252), but in many instances such other " denominations " consisted of two or three congrega- See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant tions only, in some cases of a single See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation . The See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin-more important See also:

• NONCONFORMIST

nonconformist churches are fully dealt munlons. with under their several headings . The above table, however, based on that in the Statesman's See also:

• YEAR

Year-See also:

• BOOK

Book for 1908, and giving the See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief nonconformist churches, may be useful for purposes of comparison . It may be prefaced by stating that, according to returns made in 1905, the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England provided sitting See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation in See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish and other churches for 7,177,144 See also:

• PEOPLE

people; had an estimated number of 2,053,455 communicants, 206,873 See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday-school teachers, and 2,538,240 Sunday scholars . There were 14,029 incumbents (rectors, vicars, and perpetual curates), 7500 curates, i.e. assistant See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, and some 4000 clergy on the non-active list . Besides the bodies enumerated in the table there are other churches concerning which similar statistics are lacking, but which, in several cases, have large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of adherents . The Unitarians are an important See also:

• BODY

body with (1908) 350 ministers and 345 places of worship . Most numerous, probably, are the adherents of the Salvation See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

Army, which with a semi-military organization has in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain alone over 6o,000 See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, and " See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks," i.e. See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching stations, in almost every See also:

• TOWN

town . The Brethren, generally known, from their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of origin, as the See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth Brethren, have " rooms " and adherents throughout England; the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Apostolic Church ("Irvingites ") have some 8o churches; the New See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem Church(Swedenborgians) had (1908) 75 " See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies "; the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Scientists, the Christa= delphians, the See also:

• BRITISH

British Israelites and similar societies, such as the New and Latter See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel, the Seventh See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day See also:

• BAPTISTS

Baptists; deserve mention . The Latter Day See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints (See also:

• MORMONS

Mormons) had (1908) 82 churches in Great Britain .

See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholicism in England has shown a tendency to advance, especially among the upper and upper-See also:

• MIDDLE

middle classes . The published lists of " converts " are, however, no safe See also:

• INDEX

index to actual progress; for no See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent statistics are available for " leakage " in the opposite direction . The membership of the Roman Catholic Church in England is estimated at about 2,200,000 . But though the ' In 1906 . ' There are in addition some thousands of Presbyterians unconnected with the church, including members of the Church of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . 3 Great Britain and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, 1906 . 4 On See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 17, 1907, the See also:

• UNITED

United Methodist See also:

• FREE

Free Churches, the Methodist New Connexion, and the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible Christians were united under the name of. the United Methodist Church . Sittings . See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

Corn- Ministers See also:

• LOCAL

Local Sunday municants . (See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

Pastoral) . Preachers . Scholars .

Baptists' . . 1,421,742 424,741 2134 5,748 590,321 Congregationalists (1907) 1,80I,447 498,953 3197 5,603 729,347 Presbyterian Church of England' . 173,047 85,755 323 • • 98,258 Society of See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

Friends . . . 17,442 .. . . 62,347 Moravians . 10,000 2,999 34 • • 4,542 Wesleyan Methodists3 . 2,500,000 620,350 2658 20,I19 I,039,437 See also:

• PRIMITIVE

Primitive Methodists' 1,017,690 205,407 . 1101 15,963 477,114 United Methodist Church' . 738,840 158,095 833 5,577 315,993 Wesleyan Reform See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union . 47,435 8,717 19 508 23,008 See also:

• INDEPENDENT

Independent Methodists .

33,000 9,732 . • 375 28,387 Welsh Calvinistic Methodist . 472,089 185,935 900 361 187,484 Countess of See also:

• HUNTINGDON
• HUNTINGDON, EARLS OF
• HUNTINGDON, SELINA HASTINGS, COUNTESS OF (1707—1791)

Huntingdon's Connexion . 12,347 2,469 26 .. 3,040 Reformed Episcopal Church . 6,000 1,090 28 .. 2,600 Free Church of England . 8,140 1,352 24 .. 4,196 Roman Catholics . growth of the church relatively to the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population has not been particularly startling, there can be no doubt that, since the restoration of the Roman Catholic See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy in 1851, its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• POLITICAL

political and religious See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence has enormously increased . A notable feature in this has been the great development of monastic institutions, due in large measure to the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement in England of the congregations expelled from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . The Roman Catholic Church in England is organized in 15 dioceses, which are united in a single See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province under the primacy of the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster .

In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1907 there were 1736 Roman Catholic churches and stations, and the number of the clergy was returned at 3524 (see ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH) . The See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews in Great Britain, chiefly found in See also:

• LONDON

London and other great towns, number (1907) about 196,000 and have Jews. some 200 synagogues; at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of their organization is a chief See also:

• RABBI

Rabbi See also:

• RESIDENT

resident in London . Finally it may be mentioned that a small number of See also:

• ENGLISH

English-men, chiefly resident in See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool and London, have embraced See also:

• ISLAM

Islam; they have a See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque at Liverpool . Various See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign churches which have numbers of adherents settled in England have also See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch churches and organizations in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, notably the Orthodox Eastern Church, with a considerable number of adherents in London, Liverpool and See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester,—the Lutheran, and the Armenian churches . (W . A . P.) Roads.—In England and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales the high-roads, or roads on which wheeled vehicles can travel, are of two classes: (1) the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main roads, or great See also:

• ARTERIES (Gr. ap-rnpia, probably from a"spew, to raise, but popularly connected by the ancients with ai7P, air)

arteries along which the main vehicular See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic of the country passes; and (2) See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary highways, which are by-roads serving only local areas . The length of the main roads is about 22,000 m., and that of ordinary highways about 96,000 . The highways of England, the old coaching roads, are among the best in the See also:

• WORLD

world, being generally of a beautiful smoothness and well maintained; they vary, naturally, in different districts, but in many even the local roads are See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to some main roads in other countries . The supersession of the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage See also:

• COACH (through the Fr. coche, originally from the Magyar kocsi, an adjective from the Hungarian place named Kocs, between Raab and Buda, i.e. the sort of vehicle used there in the 15th century)

coach by the railway took a vast amount of traffic away from the main roads, but their proper See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance did not materially suffer; and a larger See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of traffic took place subsequently on the development of the, See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle and the motor-vehicle . The See also:

• SYSTEM

system of road-See also:

• BUILDING

building by private enterprise, the under-takers being rewarded by tolls levied from vehicles, persons or animals using the roads, was established in England in 1663, when an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II. authorized the taking of such tolls at " turnpikes " in See also:

• HERTFORDSHIRE [HERrs]

Hertfordshire and See also:

• CAMBRIDGESHIRE

Cambridgeshire . A See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century later, in 1767, the authorization was extended over the whole See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom by an act of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George III .

In its fulness the system lasted just sixty years, for the first See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach in it was made by an act of George IV., in 1827, by which the chief turnpikes in London were abolished . Further acts followed in the same direction, leading to the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual extinction, by due See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation of the persons interested, of the old system, the maintenance of the roads being vested in " See also:

• TURNPIKE

turnpike See also:

• TRUSTS

trusts and See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway boards," empowered to See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy local rates . The last turnpike See also:

• TRUST

trust ceased to exist on the 5th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1895, and the final accounts in connexion with its See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt were closed in 1898-1899 . See also:

• TOLL (etymologically, that which is numbered or counted; from a common Teutonic form, cf. " tale," " tell ")
• TOLL, JOHAN KRISTOFFER, COUNT (1743-1817)

Toll-See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates are now met with only at certain See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges, where the right to levy tolls is statutory or by See also:

• PRESCRIPTION

prescription . By the Local See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government Act of 1888 the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of maintaining main roads was imposed on the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county See also:

• COUNCILS

councils, but these bodies were enabled to make arrangements with the respective highway authorities for their repair . Under the Local Government Act of 1894 the duties of all the highway authorities were transferred to the rural See also:

• DISTRICT

district councils on or before the 31st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1899 . It was not until the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 18th century, when the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of road-building activity already indicated set in, that English roads were redeemed from an extraordinarily See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . The roads were until then, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, merely tracks, deeply worn by ages of traffic into the semblance of ditches, and, under adverse See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather conditions, impassable . , Travellersalso had the See also:

• RISK

risk of See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault by robbers and highwaymen . As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1285 a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law provided for the cutting down of trees and bushes on either See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of highways, so as to deprive lawless men of See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover . Instances of legislation as regards the upkeep of roads are recorded from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time after this date, but (to take a single See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration) even in the middle of the 18th century the See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey from the See also:

• VILLAGE

village, as it was then, of See also:

• PADDINGTON

Paddington to London by stage occupied from 22 to 3 See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours . But from 1784 to 1792 upwards of 300 acts were passed dealing with the construction of new roads and bridges .

See also:

• RAILWAYS

Railways.—The See also:

• HISTORY

history and development of railways in England, their birthplace, and in Ireland and Scotland, with illustrative statistics, are considered under the heading UNITED KINGDOM . The following list indicates the year of See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation, termini, chief offices and See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of the chief railways of England and Wales . . Railways with Termini in London . (a) See also:

• NORTHERN

NORTHERN . Great Northern (1846).—See also:

• TERMINUS

Terminus and offices, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's See also:

• CROSS

Cross . Main See also:

• LINE

line—See also:

• PETERBOROUGH

Peterborough, See also:

• GRANTHAM
• GRANTHAM, THOMAS ROBINSON

Grantham, See also:

• NEWARK
• NEWARK (NEWARK-UPON-TRENT)
• NEWARK, DAVID LESLIE, LORD (1601-1682)

Newark, See also:

• DONCASTER

Doncaster; forming, with the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North-Eastern and North British lines, the " See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast route to Scotland . Serving also the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• RIDING

Riding of See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln-See also:

• SHIRE

shire, See also:

• NOTTINGHAM
• NOTTINGHAM, CHARLES HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF1 (1536-1624)
• NOTTINGHAM, EARLS OF

Nottingham and other towns of the midlands, and Manchester (by See also:

• RUNNING

running See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers over the Great Central metals) . This See also:

• COMPANY

company has so extensive a system of running powers over other railways, and of lines held jointly with other companies, that few of its more important See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express trains from London See also:

• COMPLETE

complete their journeys entirely on the company's own lines . Midland (1844, an amalgamation of the former North Midland, Midland Counties, See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham& See also:

• DERBY
• DERBY, EARLS OF

Derby,and other lines).—Terminus, St Pancras; offices, Derby . Main line—See also:

• BEDFORD

Bedford, See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester, See also:

• SHEFFIELD
• SHEFFIELD, JOHN BAKER HOLROYD, 1ST EARL

Sheffield, See also:

• LEEDS
• LEEDS, THOMAS OSBORNE

Leeds and See also:

• CARLISLE
• CARLISLE, EARLS OF

Carlisle, affording the " Midland " route to Scotland . Serving also Nottingham, Derby, and the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal towns of the midlands and West Riding, and Manchester . West and North line from See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol, See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester and Birmingham to Leicester and Derby .

Also an Irish See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, the See also:

• BELFAST

Belfast and Northern Counties system being acquired in 1903 . Docks at See also:

• HEYSHAM

Heysham, See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire; and steamship services to Belfast, &c . London & North-Western (1846, an amalgamation of the London & Birmingham, See also:

• GRAND

Grand Junction, and Manchester & Birmingham lines).—Terminus and offices, Eus+on . Main line—See also:

• RUGBY

Rugby, See also:

• CREWE
• CREWE, ROBERT OFFLEY ASHBURTON

Crewe, See also:

• WARRINGTON

Warrington, See also:

• PRESTON
• PRESTON, JOHN (1587-1628)

Preston, Carlisle; forming, with the Caledonian system, the " West Coast " route to Scotland . Serves also Manchester, Liverpool and all parts of the north-west, North Wales, Birmingham and the neighbouring midland towns, and by See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint lines, the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Welsh See also:

• COAL

coal-See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields . Maintains docks at See also:

• GARSTON

Garston on the See also:

• MERSEY

Mersey, a steamship traffic with See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin and See also:

• GREENORE

Greenore from See also:

• HOLYHEAD (Caergybi, the fort of Cybi, the saint mentioned by Matthew Arnold as meeting St Seiriol of Penm6n, Anglesey)

Holyhead, and, jointly with the Lancashire & Yorkshire Company, a service to Belfast, &c., from See also:

• FLEETWOOD
• FLEETWOOD, CHARLES (d. 1692)
• FLEETWOOD, WILLIAM (1656-1723)

Fleetwood . Great Central (1846; until 1897, when an See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension to London was undertaken, called the Manchester, Sheffield & See also:

• LINCOLNSHIRE

Lincolnshire).—Terminus, Marylebone; offices, Manchester . Main line—Rugby, Nottingham, Leicester, Sheffield, Manchester . The former main line runs from Manchester and Sheffield east to See also:

• RETFORD (officially EAST RETFORD)

Retford, thence serving See also:

• GRIMSBY, or GREAT GRIMSBY

Grimsby and See also:

• HULL
• HULL (in O.Eng. hulu, from helan, to cover, cf. Ger. Hiille, covering)
• HULL (officially KINGSTON-UPON-HULL)
• HULL, ISAAC (1775-1843)

Hull, with branches to Lincoln, &c . The main line reached from London by joining the line of the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

Metropolitan railway near See also:

• AYLESBURY

Aylesbury and following it to See also:

• HARROW

Harrow . Subsequently an alternative route out of London was constructed between Neasden and Northolt, where it joins another line, of the Great Western railway, from See also:

• ACTON
• ACTON (JOHN EMERICH EDWARD DALBERG ACTON), 1ST BARON (1834—1902)
• ACTON, SIR JOHN FRANCIS EDWARD, BART

Acton, and continues as a line held jointly by the two companies through See also:

• BEACONSFIELD
• BEACONSFIELD, BENJAMIN DISRAELI, EARL OF

Beaconsfield and High See also:

• WYCOMBE (officially CHEPPING WYCOMBE, also CHIPPING or HIGH WYCOMBE)

Wycombe . Here it absorbs the old Great Western line as far as See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince's Risborough, and continues thence to Grendon Underwood, effecting a junction with the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original main line of the Great Central system .

This line was opened for passenger traffic in See also:

• APRIL

April 1906 . The Great Central company owns docks at Grimsby . (b) EASTERN . Great Eastern (1862).—Terminus and offices, Liverpool See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street . Serving See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex, See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk . Joint-line with Great Northern from March to Lincoln and Doncaster . Passenger steamship services from See also:

• HARWICH

Harwich to the See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

Hook of See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp, See also:

• ROTTERDAM

Rotterdam, &c . London, Tilbury £e Southend (1852).—Terminus and offices, Fenchurch Street . Serving places on the Essex See also:

• SHORE

shore of the See also:

• THAMES

Thames See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary, terminating at See also:

• SHOEBURYNESS

Shoeburyness . (L) WESTERN . Great Western (1835, London to Bristol).—Terminus and offices, Paddington . Main line—See also:

• READING

Reading, Didcot, See also:

• SWINDON

Swindon, See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath, Bristol, See also:

• TAUNTON
• TAUNTON, HENRY LABOUCHERE, BARON (1798–1869)

Taunton, See also:

• EXETER
• EXETER, EARL, MARQUESS AND DUKE OF

Exeter, Plymouth, See also:

• PENZANCE

Penzance .

Numerous additional main lines—Reading to See also:

• NEWBURY

Newbury, See also:

• WEYMOUTH

Weymouth and the west, a new line opened in 1906 between See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle See also:

• CARY, ALICE (1820-1871)
• CARY, ANNIE LOUISE (1842- )
• CARY, HENRY FRANCIS (1772-1844)

Cary and See also:

• LANGPORT

Langport effecting a great reduction in mileage between London and Exeter and places beyond; Didcot, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, Birmingham, See also:

• SHREWSBURY
• SHREWSBURY, CHARLES TALBOT, DUKE OF (166o-1718)
• SHREWSBURY, DUKE
• SHREWSBURY, EARLS OF
• SHREWSBURY, ELIZABETH TALBOT, COUNTESS OF (1518–16o8)
• SHREWSBURY, JOHN TALBOT, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1453)

Shrewsbury, See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester with connexions northward, and to North Wales; Oxford to See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester, and Swindon to Gloucester and the west of England; South Welsh system (through route from London via Wootton Bassett or via Bristol, and the See also:

• SEVERN
• SEVERN, JOSEPH (1793-1879)

Severn See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel), See also:

• NEWPORT

Newport, See also:

• CARDIFF

Cardiff, See also:

• SWANSEA

Swansea, See also:

• MILFORD

Milford . See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

Steam-See also:

• SHIP

ship services to the Channel Islands from Weymouth to See also:

• WATERFORD

Waterford, Ireland from Milford, and to Rosslare, Ireland, from See also:

• FISHGUARD (Abergwaun)

Fishguard, the route last named being opened in 1906 . The line constructed jointly with the Great Central company (as detailed in the description above) was extended in 1910 from Ashendon to Aynho, to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short route to the great centres north of Oxford . London & South-Western (1839, incorporating the London & See also:

• SOUTHAMPTON
• SOUTHAMPTON, EARL OF
• SOUTHAMPTON, HENRY WRIOTHESLEY, 3RD EARL OF (1J73—1624)

Southampton railway of 1835).—Terminus and offices, See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo . Main line—See also:

• WOKING

Woking, See also:

• BASINGSTOKE

Basingstoke, See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury, See also:

• YEOVIL

Yeovil, Exeter, Ply-mouth; Woking, See also:

• GUILDFORD

Guildford and See also:

• PORTSMOUTH
• PORTSMOUTH, EARLS OF
• PORTSMOUTH, LOUISE DE

Portsmouth; Basingstoke, See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester, Southampton, See also:

• BOURNEMOUTH

Bournemouth, &c . Extensive connexions in See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey, See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire and the south-west, as far as North See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall . This company owns the great docks at Southampton, and maintains passenger services from that See also:

• PORT

port to the Channel Islands, See also:

• HAVRE
• HAVRE, LE

Havre, St Maio and See also:

• CHERBOURG

Cherbourg . (d) See also:

• SOUTHERN

SOUTHERN . London, See also:

• BRIGHTON

Brighton & South Coast (1846).—Termini, See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria and London See also:

• BRIDGE

Bridge . Serving all the coast stations from See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings to Portsmouth, with various lines in eastern Surrey and in See also:

• SUSSEX
• SUSSEX, EARLS OF
• SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF (SO Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons)
• SUSSEX, THOMAS RADCLYFFE [or RATCLYFFE], 3RD EARL OF (c. 1525-1583)

Sussex . Maintains a service of passenger steamers between See also:

• NEWHAVEN

Newhaven and See also:

• DIEPPE

Dieppe . South Eastern & See also:

• CHATHAM
• CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT

Chatham (under a managing See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee, 1899, of the South-Eastern company, 1836, and the London, Chatham & See also:

• DOVER
• DOVER, GEORGE JAMES WELBORE
• DOVER, HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF (c. 1636-1708)
• DOVER, ROBERT (1575-1641)

Dover company, 1853).—Termini—Victoria, Charing Cross,See also:

• HOLBORN

Holborn Viaduct, See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

Cannon Street .

Offices, London Bridge Station . Various lines chiefly in See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent . 'Steamship services between See also:

• FOLKESTONE

Folkestone and See also:

• BOULOGNE, or BOULLONGNE

Boulogne, Dover and See also:

• CALAIS

Calais, &c . 2 . Provincial Railways . The two most important railway companies not possessing lines to London are the North-Eastern and the Lancashire &, Yorkshire, North Eastern (1854, amalgamating a number of systems).-Offices, See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York . Main line—Leeds, See also:

• NORMANTON

Normanton and York to See also:

• DARLING
• DARLING, GRACE HORSLEY (1815-1842)

Darling-ton, See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham, See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle and See also:

• BERWICK, JAMES FITZJAMES

Berwick-on-See also:

• TWEED

Tweed . Connecting with the Great Northern between Doncaster and York, and with the North British at Berwick, it forms See also:

• PART

part of the " East Coast " route to Scotland . Serving all ports and coast stations from Hull to Berwick, also Carlisle, &c . Owning extensive docks at Hull, See also:

• MIDDLESBROUGH

Middlesbrough, South See also:

• SHIELDS, JAMES (181b-1879)

Shields, the Hartlepools, See also:

• BLYTH

Blyth, &c . Lancashire & Yorkshire (1847, an amalgamation of a number of local systems) .—Offices, Manchester . Main line—Manchester, See also:

• ROCHDALE

Rochdale, Tormorden, See also:

• WAKEFIELD
• WAKEFIELD, GILBERT (1756-1801)

Wakefield and Normanton, with branches to See also:

• HALIFAX
• HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL OF (1661–1715)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE MONTAGU DUNK, 2ND EARL OF (1716-1771)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE SAVILE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1633-1695)

Halifax, See also:

• BRADFORD
• BRADFORD, JOHN (1510?—1555)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590—1657)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663—1752)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1827—1892)

Bradford, Leeds, See also:

• HUDDERSFIELD

Huddersfield and other centres of the West Riding .

Extensive system in south Lancashire, connecting Manchester with Preston and Fleetwood (where the docks and steamship services to Ireland are worked jointly with the London & North-Western company), See also:

• SOUTHPORT

Southport, Liverpool, &c . Among further provincial systems there should be mentioned:—See also:

• CAMBRIAN

Cambrian.—Offices, See also:

• OSWESTRY

Oswestry . See also:

• WHITCHURCH

Whitchurch, Oswestry, See also:

• WELSHPOOL (or Welchpool, so called because Pool, its old name, led to confusion with Poole, in Dorsetshire; Welsh Trallwm)

Welshpool to See also:

• BARMOUTH (Abermaw, mouth of the Maw, or Mawddach, in Cardigan Bay, the only haven in Merionethshire, North Wales)

Barmouth and See also:

• PWLLHELI (" salt pit;" or " pool ")

Pwllheli, See also:

• ABERYSTWYTH

Aberystwyth, &c . See also:

• CHESHIRE

Cheshire Lines, worked by a committee representative of the Great Central,Great Northernand Midland Companies, and affording important connexions between the lines of these systems and south Lancashire and Cheshire (Godley, See also:

• STOCKPORT

Stockport, Warrington, Liverpool; Manchester and Liverpool; Manchester and Liverpool to Southport; Godley and Manchester to See also:

• NORTHWICH

Northwich and Chester, &c.) . See also:

• FURNESS
• FURNESS, HORACE HOWARD (1833– )

Furness.—Offices, See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

Barrow-in-Furness . Carnforth, Barrow, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White-haven, with branches to Coniston, See also:

• WINDERMERE

Windermere (Lakeside), &c . Docks at Barrow . North See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

Staff ordshire.—Offices, Stoke-upon-See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent . Crewe and the See also:

• POTTERIES, THE

Potteries, See also:

• MACCLESFIELD
• MACCLESFIELD, CHARLES GERARD, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1618-1694)

Macclesfield, &c., to See also:

• UTTOXETER

Uttoxeter and Derby . Cross-Country Connexions.—While London is naturally the principal See also:

• FOCAL

focal point of the English railway system, the development of through connexions between the chief lines by way of the See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis is very small . Some through trains are provided between the North-Western and the London, Brighton & South Coast lines via See also:

• WILLESDEN

Willesden Junction, See also:

• ADDISON, JOSEPH (1672-1719)

Addison Road and Clapham Junction; and a through connexion by way of Ludgate See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill has been arranged between main line trains of the South-Western and the Great Northern railways, but otherwise passengers travelling through London have generally to make their own way from one terminus to another . Certain cross-country routes, however, are provided to connect the systems of some of the companies, among which the following may be noticed .

(1) Through connexions with the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental services from Harwich, and with See also:

• YARMOUTH
• YARMOUTH (GREAT YARMOUTH)

Yarmouth and other towns of the East coast, are provided from Yorkshire, Lancashire, &c., by way of the Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint line from .Doncaster and Lincoln to March . (2) Through connexions between the systems of the South-Eastern & Chatham and the