ANDERS See also:

• JONAS, JUSTUS (1493–1555)

JONAS See also:

• ANDERS JONAS ANGSTROM (1814-1874)

ANGSTROM (1814-1874)  , See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish physicist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the t3th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1814 at Logdo, Medelpad, See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden . He was educated at See also:

• UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala University, where in 1839 he became See also:

• PRIVET

privet docent in physics . In 1842 he went to See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm See also:

• OBSERVATORY

Observatory in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to gain experience in See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical astronomical See also:

• WORK

work, and in the following See also:

• YEAR

year he became observer at Upsala Observatory . Becoming interested in terrestrial See also:

• MAGNETISM
• MAGNETISM, TERRESTRIAL

magnetism he made many observa tions of magnetic intensityand See also:

• DECLINATION (from Lat. declinare, to decline)

declination in various parts of Sweden, and was charged by the Stockholm See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences with the task, not completed till shortly before his See also:

• DEATH

death, of working out the magnetic data obtained by the Swedish See also:

• FRIGATE

frigate " See also:

• EUGENIE

Eugenie " on her voyage See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• WORLD

world in 1851—1853 . In 1858 he succeeded Adolph See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand Svanberg (18o6—1857) in the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of physics at Upsala, and there he died on the 21st of See also:

• JUNE

June 18i4 . His most important work was concerned with the See also:

• CONDUCTION, ELECTRIC

conduction of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat and with See also:

• SPECTROSCOPY (from Lat. spectrum, an appearance, and Gr. a-sore y, to see)

spectroscopy . In his See also:

• OPTICAL

optical researches, Optiska Undersokningar, presented to the Stockholm Academy in 1853, he not only pointed out that the electric spark yields two superposed spectra, one from the See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal of the electrode and the other from the See also:

• GAS

gas in which it passes, but deduced from See also:

• EULER, LEONHARD (1707-1783)

Euler's theory of resonance that an incandescent gas emits luminous rays of the same refrangibility as those which it can absorb . This statement, as See also:

• SIR

Sir E . See also:

• SABINE, SIR EDWARD (1788-1883)

Sabine remarked when awarding him the See also:

• RUMFORD, BENJAMIN THOMPSON, COUNT (1753-1814)

Rumford See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal of the Royal Society in 1872, contains a fundamental principle of spectrum See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis, and though for a number of years it was overlooked it entitles him to See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank as one of the founders of spectroscopy . From 1861 onwards he paid See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar spectrum . He announced the existence of See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen, among other elements, in the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun's See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere in 1862, and in 1868 published his See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map of the normal solar spectrum which See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long remained authoritative in questions of See also:

• WAVE

wave-length, although his measurements were inexact to the extent of one See also:

• PART

part in 7000 or 8000 owing to the See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre which he used as his See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard having been slightly too See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short . He was the first, in 1867, to examine the spectrum of the See also:

• AURORA
• AURORA (perhaps through a form ausosa from Sansk. ush, to burn ; the common idea of " brightness " suggests a connexion with aurum, gold)

aurora borealis, and detected and measured the characteristic See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright See also:

• LINE

line in its yellow See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green region; but he was mistaken in supposing that this same line, which is often called by his name, is also to be seen in the zodiacal See also:

• LIGHT

light. y His son, KNuT JOHAN See also:

• ANGSTROM, ANDERS JONAS (1814-1874)

ANGSTROM, was born at Upsala on the 12th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1857, and studied at the university of that See also:

• TOWN

town from 1877 to 1884 .

After spending a short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg he was appointed lecturer in physics at Stockholm University in 1885, but in 1891 returned to Upsala, where in 1896 he became See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of physics . He especially devoted himself to investigations of the See also:

• RADIATION, THEORY OF

radiation of heat from the sun and its absorption by the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's atmosphere, and to that end devised various delicate methods and See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments, including his electric See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation pyrheliometer, invented in 1893, and apparatus for obtaining a photographic See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the infra-red spectrum (1895) .