ANNA LEOPOLDOVNA  , sometimes called ANNA CARLOVNA I in Latin began, and a livelier interest was awakened in the (1718-1746), regent of Russia for a few months during the 1 history of Rome . Among the principal writers of this class who succeeded Cato, the following may be mentioned . L . CASSIUS HEMINA (about 146), in the fourth book of his Annals, wrote on the Second Punic War . His researches went back to very early times; Pliny (Nat . Hist. xiii . 13 [27]) calls him vetustissimus auctor annalium . L . CALPURNIUS Piso, surnamed Frugi (see under Prso), wrote seven books of annals, relating the history of the city from its foundation down to his own times . Livy regards him as a less trustworthy authority than Fabius Pictor, and Niebuhr considers him the first to introduce systematic forgeries into Roman history . Q . CLAUDIUS QUADRIGARIUS (about 8o B.C.). wrote a history, in at least twenty-three books, which began with the conquest of Rome by the Gauls and went down to the death of Sulla or perhaps later .

He was freely used by Livy in

part of his work (from the sixth book onwards) . A long fragment is preserved in Aulus Gellius (ix . 13), giving an account of the single combat between Manlius Torquatus and the Gaul . His language was antiquated and his style dry, but his work was considered important . VALERIUS ANTIAS, a younger contemporary of Quadrigarius, wrote the history of Rome from the earliest times, in a voluminous work consisting of seventy-five books . He is notorious for his wilful exaggeration, both in narrative and numerical statements . For instance, he asserts the number of the Sabine virgins to have been exactly 527; again, in a certain year when no Greek or Latin writers mention any important campaign, Antias speaks of a big battle with enormous casualties . Nevertheless, Livy at first made use of him as one of his chief authorities, until he became convinced of his untrustworthiness . C . LICINIUS MACER (died 66), who has been called the last of the annalists, wrote a voluminous work, which, although he paid great attention to the study of his authorities, was too rhetorical, and exaggerated the achievements of his own family . Having been convicted of extortion, he committed suicide (Cicero, De Legibus, i . 2, Brutus, 67; Plutarch, Cicero, q) .

The writers mentioned dealt with Roman history as a whole; some of the annalists, however, confined themselves to shorter periods . Thus, L .. CAELIUS

ANTIPATER (about 120) limited himself to the Second Punic War . His work was overloaded with rhetorical embellishment, which he was the first to introduce into Roman history . He was regarded as the most careful writer on the war with Hannibal, and one who did not allow himself to be blinded by partiality in considering the evidence of other writers (Cicero, De Oratore, ii . 12) . Livy made great use of him in his third decade . SEMPRONIUS ASELLIO (about loo B.C.), military tribune of Scipio Africanus at the siege of Numantia, composed Rerum Gestarum Libri in at least fourteen books . As he himself took part in the events he describes, his work was a kind of memoirs . He was the first of his class who endeavoured to trace the causes of events, instead of contenting himself with a bare statement of facts . L . CORNELIUS SISENNA (119-67), legate of Pompey in the war against the pirates, lost his life in an expedition against Crete .

He wrote twenty-three books on the

period between the Social War and the dictatorship of Sulla . His work was commended by Sallust (Jugurtha, 95), who, however, blames him for not speaking out sufficiently . Cicero remarks upon his fondness for archaisms (Brutus, 74 . 259) . Sisenna also translated the tales of Aristides of Miletus, and is supposed by some to have written a commentary on Plautus . The autobiography of Sulla may also be mentioned . See C . W . Nitzsch, Die romische Annalistik (1873) ; H . Peter, Zur Kritik der Quellen der dlteren romischen Geschichte (1879) ; L . O . Brooker, Moderne Quellenforscher and antike Geschichtschreiber (1882); fragments in H .

Peter, Historicorum Romanorum Religuiae (187o, 1906), and Historicorum Romanorum Fragmenta (1883) ; also articles ROME, History (

ancient) ad fin., section " Authorities," and LivY, where the use made of the annalists by the historian is discussed; Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie, art . " Annales "; the histories of Roman Literature by M . Schanz and Teuffel-Schwabe; Mommsen, Hist. of Rome (Eng. tr.), bk. ii. ch . 9, bk. in. ch . 14, bk. iv. ch . 13, bk. v. ch . 12; C . Wachsmuth, Einleitung in das Studium der alien Geschichte (1895); H . Peter, bibliography of the subject in Bursian's Jahresbericht, cxxvi . (1906) . (J . H .

F.) minority of her son

Ivan, was the daughter of Catherine, sister of the empress Anne, and Charles Leopold, duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin . In 1739 she married Anton Ulrich (d . 1775), son of Ferdinand Albert, duke of Brunswick, and their son Ivan was adopted in 1740 by the empress and proclaimed heir to the Russian throne . A few days after this proclamation the empress died, leaving directions regarding the succession, and appointing her favourite Ernest Biren, duke of Courland, as regent . Biren, however, had made himself an object of detestation to the Russian people, and Anna had little difficulty in overthrowing his power . She then assumed the regency, and took the title of grand-duchess, but she knew little of the character of the people with whom she had to deal, was utterly ignorant of the approved Russian mode of government, and speedily quarrelled with her principal supporters . In December 1741, Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, who, from her habits, was a favourite with the soldiers, excited the guards to revolt, overcame the slight opposition that was offered, and was proclaimed empress . Ivan was thrown into prison, where he soon afterwards perished . Anna and her husband were banished to a small island in the river Dvina, where on the 18th of March 1746 she died in childbed .