See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

ANNEXATION (See also:

• LAT

Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)  , in See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act by which a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state adds territory to its dominions; the See also:

• TERM

term is also used generally as a synonym for acquisition . The See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption of a See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate over another state, or of a See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, is not strictly See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation, the latter implying the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete displacement in the annexed territory of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government or state by which it was previously ruled . Annexation may be the consequence of a voluntary cession from one state to another, or of See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion from a protectorate or sphere of influence, or of See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere occupation in uncivilized regions, or of See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest . The cession of See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace-See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany by See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, although brought about by the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 187o, was for the purposes of international law a voluntary cession . Under the treaty of the 17th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1885, between the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic and the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar, a French protectorate was established over this See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island . In 1896 this protectorate was converted by France into an annexation, and Madagascar then became " French territory." The formal annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina by See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria (Oct.5, 1908) was an unauthorized conversion of an " occupation " authorized by the Treaty of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin (1878), which had, however, for years operated as a de facto annexation . A See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of conquest was that effected by the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICAN

African War of 1899-1902, in which the See also:

• TRANSVAAL

Transvaal republic and the See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange See also:

• FREE

Free State were extinguished, first de facto by occupation of the whole of their territory, and then de jure by terms of surrender entered into by the See also:

• BOER

Boer generals acting as a government . By annexation, as between civilized peoples, the annexing state takes over the whole See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession with the rights and obligations attaching to the ceded territory, subject only to any modifying conditions contained in the treaty of cession . These, however, are binding only as between the parties to them . In the case of the annexation of the territories of the Transvaal republic and Orange Free State, a rather complicated situation arose out of the facts, on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, that the ceding states closed their own existence and See also:

• LEFT

left no recourse to third parties against the previous ruling authority, and, on the other, that, having no means owing to the de facto See also:

• BRITISH

British occupation, of raising See also:

• MONEY

money by See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation, the dispossessed governments raised money by selling certain securities, more especially a large holding of shares in the South African Railway See also:

• COMPANY

Company, to neutral purchasers . The British government repudiated these sales as having been made by a government which the British government had already displaced . The question of at what point, in a war of conquest, the state succession becomes operative is one of See also:

• GREAT

great delicacy .

As earlyas the 6th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1900, the high See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner at Cape See also:

• TOWN

Town issued a See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation giving See also:

• NOTICE

notice that H . M. government would " not recognize as valid or effectual " any See also:

• CONVEYANCE

conveyance, See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer or transmission of any See also:

• PROPERTY

property made by the government of the Transvaal republic or Orange Free State subsequently to the loth of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1899, the date of the commencement of the war . A proclamation forbidding transactions with a state which might still be capable of maintaining its See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence could obviously bind only those subject to the authority of the state issuing it . Like See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper blockades (see See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

BLOCKADE) and fictitious occupations of territory, such premature proclamations are viewed by international jurists as not being jure gentium . The proclamation was succeeded, on the 9th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1900, by another of the high commissioner at Cape Town, reiterating the notice, but confining it to " lands, See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, mines or See also:

• MINING

mining rights." And on the 1st of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1900 See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• ROBERTS, DAVID (1796-1864)
• ROBERTS, FREDERICK SLEIGH ROBERTS, EARL

Roberts proclaimed at See also:

• PRETORIA

Pretoria the annexation of the territories of the Transvaal republic to the British dominions . That the war continued for nearly two years after this proclamation shows how fictitious the claim of annexation was . The difficulty which arose out of the transfer of the South African Railway shares held by the Transvaal government was satisfactorily terminated by the See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase by the British government of the See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the company from the different See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of shareholders (see on this case, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• BARCLAY, ALEXANDER (c. 1476-1552)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1582-1621)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1734-1798)
• BARCLAY, R
• BARCLAY, ROBERT (1648-1690)
• BARCLAY, WILLIAM (1546–1608)

Barclay, Law Quarterly See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, See also:

• JULY

July 1905; and See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Westlake, in the same Review, October 1905) . In a See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment of the judicial See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of the privy See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council in 1899 (See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook v . Sprigg, A.C . 572), Lord See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

Chancellor See also:

• HALSBURY, HARDINGE STANLEY GIFFARD, 1ST EARL OF (1825– )

Halsbury made an important distinction as regards the obligations of state succession . The case in question was a claim of See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title against the See also:

• CROWN

crown, represented by the government of Cape See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

Colony . It was made by persons holding a concession of certain rights in eastern Pondoland from a native See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief .

Before the grantees had taken up their See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant by acts of See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession, Pondoland was annexed to Cape Colony . The colonial government refused to recognize the grant on different grounds, the chief of them being that the concession conferred no legal rights before the annexation and therefore could confer none afterwards, a sufficiently See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good ground in itself . The judicial committee, however, rested its decision chiefly on the allegation that the acquisition of the territory was an act of state and that " no municipal See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court had authority to enforce such an See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation " as the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of the new government to respect existing titles . " It is no See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer," said Lord Halsbury, " to say that by the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary principles of international law private property is respected by the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign which accepts the cession and assumes the duties and legal obligations of the former sovereign with respect to such private property within the ceded territory . All that can be meant by such a proposition is that according to the well-understood rules of international law a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty by cession ought not to affect private property, but no municipal tribunal has authority to enforce such an obligation . And if there is either an See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express or a well-understood bargain between the ceding potentate and the government to which the cession is made that private property shall be respected, that is only a bargain which can be enforced by sovereign against sovereign in the ordinary course of See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic pressure." In an editorial See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note on this case the Law Quarterly Review of See also:

• JAN

Jan . 1900 (p . 1), dissenting from the view of the judicial committee that "no municipal tribunal has authority to enforce such an obligation," the writer observes that "we can read this only as meant to See also:

• LAY

lay down that, on the annexation of territory even by peaceable cession, there is a total See also:

• ABEYANCE (O. Fr. abeance, " gaping")

abeyance of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice until the will of the annexing See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power is expressly made known; and that, although the will of that power is commonly to respect existing private rights, there is no See also:

• RULE

rule or presumption to that effect of which any court must or indeed can take notice." So construed the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine is not only contrary to international law, but according to so authoritative an exponent of the See also:

• COMMON

common law as Sir F . See also:

• POLLOCK

Pollock, there is no See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant for it in See also:

• ENGLISH

English common law . An interesting point of See also:

• AMERICAN

American constitutional law has arisen out of the cession of the Philippines to the See also:

• UNITED

United States, through the fact that the federal constitution does not lend itself to the exercise by the federal See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of unlimited See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, such as are vested in the British See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . The See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole authority for the powers of the federal congress is a written constitution with defined'powers . Anything done in excess of those powers is null and void .

The Supreme Court of the United States, on the other hand, has declared that, by the constitution, a government is ordained and established " for the United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America " and not for countries outside their limits (See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross's Case, 14o U.S . 453, 464), and that no such power to legislate for annexed territories as that vested in the British crown in council is enjoyed by the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the United States (Fiel:I v . See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark, 143 U.S . 649, 692) . Every detail connected with the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the territories acquired from See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain under the treaty of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris (December to, 1898) has given rise to See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute discussion . See Carman F . See also:

• RANDOLPH, EDMUND [JENNINGS] (1753–1813)
• RANDOLPH, JOHN (1773–1833)
• RANDOLPH, PEYTON (1721-1775)
• RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1523-1590)
• RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1605-1635)

Randolph, Law and Policy of Annexation (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York and See also:

• LONDON

London, 1901) ; See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

Butler, Treaty-making Power of the United States (New York, 1902), vol.,i. p . 79 et seq . (T .