Online Encyclopedia

state was the real cause . "I shall never now be satisfied," Anne wrote to Mary, " whether the child be true or false . It may be it is our brother, but See also:

God only knows . . . one cannot help having a thousand fears and See also:

MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy thoughts, but whatever changes may happen you shall ever find me See also:

FIRM

firm to my religion and faithfully yours." 2 In later years, however, she had no doubt that the Old Pretender was her brother .

During the events immediately preceding the Revolution Anne kept in seclusion . Her ultimate conduct was probably influenced by the Churchills; and though forbidden by Jameg to pay Mary a projected visit in the See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1688, she corresponded with her; and was no doubt aware of See also:

William's plans . Her position was now a very See also:

CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical and painful one . She refused to show any sympathy with the king after William had landed in See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, and wrote, with,the See also:

ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of the Churchills, to the prince, ' See also Hist . See also:

MSS . See also:

COMM

Comm., MSS. of Duke of See also:

Rutland at Belvoir, ii . 1o9 . 2 Dalrymple's See also:

MEMOIRS

Memoirs, ii . 175.declaring her approval of his See also:

ACTION

action.1 Churchill abandoned the king on the 24th, Prince George on the 25th, and when James returned to See also:

LONDON

London on the 26th he found that Anne and her lady-in-waiting had during the previous See also:

NIGHT

night followed their husbands' examples . Escaping from See also:

WHITEHALL

Whitehall by a back See also:

STAIRCASE

staircase they put themselves under the care of the See also:

bishop of London, spent one night in his See also:

house, and subsequently arrived on the 1st of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December at See also:

Nottingham, where the princess first made herself known and appointed a See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council . Thence she passed through See also:

Leicester, See also:

Coventry and See also:

Warwick, finally entering See also:

Oxford, where she met Prince George, in See also:

TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph, escorted by a large See also:

COMPANY

company . Like Mary, she was reproached for showing no concern at the See also:

NEWS

news of the king's See also:

FLIGHT

flight, but her See also:

JUSTIFICATION

justification was that " she never loved to do anything that looked like an affected constraint." She returned to London on the 19th of December, when she was at once visited by William .

Subsequently the See also:

DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

Declaration of Rights settled the See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of the crown upon her after William and Mary and their See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children . Meanwhile Anne had suffered a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of maternal disappointments . Between 1684 and 1688 she had miscarried four times and given birth to two children who died infants . On the 24th of July 1689, however, the birth of a son, William, created duke of See also:

Gloucester, who survived his See also:

INFANCY

infancy, gave hopes that heirs to the See also:

THRONE

throne under the See also:

BILL

Bill of Rights might be forthcoming . But Anne's happiness was soon troubled by quarrels with the king and queen . According to the duchess of Marlborough the two sisters, who had lived hitherto while apart on extremely affectionate terms, found no enjoyment in each other's society . Mary talked too much for Anne's comfort, and Anne too little for Mary's See also:

SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction . But See also:

MONEY

money appears to have been the first and real cause of See also:

ill-feeling . The granting away by William of the private See also:

ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of James, amounting to £22,000 a See also:

YEAR

year, to which Anne had some claim, was made a grievance, and a factious See also:

motion brought forward in the House to increase her See also:

CIVIL

civil See also:

list See also:

PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of £30,000, which she enjoyed in addition to £20,000 under her See also:

MARRIAGE

marriage See also:

settlement, greatly displeased William and Mary, who regarded it as a See also:

plot to make Anne See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent and the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of a See also:

SEPARATE

separate See also:

INTEREST

interest in the state, while their resentment was increased by the refusal of Anne to restrain the action of her See also:

friends, and by its success . The Marlboroughs had been active in'the affair and had benefited by it, the countess (as she then was) receiving a pension of £1000, and their conduct was noticed at See also:

court . The promised Garter was withheld from Marlborough, and the incensed "Mrs Morley" in her letters to " Mrs Freeman " styled the king " Caliban " or the " Dutch See also:

Monster." At the See also:

close of 1691 Anne had declared her approval of the See also:

NAVAL

naval expedition in favour of her See also:

FATHER

father, and expressed grief at its failure.' According to the doubtful Life of James, she wrote to him on the 1st of December a " most See also:

PENITENTIAL (Lat. poenitentiale, libellus poenitentialis, &c.)

penitential and dutiful " See also:

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter, and henceforward kept up with him a "See also:

FAIR

fair See also:

correspondence." s The same year the See also:

BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach between the royal sisters was made final by the dismissal of Marlborough, justly suspected of Jacobite intrigues, from all his appointments . Anne took the See also:

PART

part of her favourites with great zeal against the court, though in all See also:

PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability unaware of Marlborough's See also:

TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason; and on the dismissal of the countess from her See also:

HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household by the king and queen she refused to part with her, and retired with Lady Marlborough to the duke of See also:

Somerset's See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at See also:

SION [Ger. Sitten]

Sion House .

Anne was now in disgrace . She was deprived of her guard of See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, and Prince George, on entering See also:

KENSINGTON

Kensington See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace, received no salute, though the drums See also:

BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

beat loudly on his departure.6 Instructions were given that the court expected no one to pay his respects, and no See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention in the provinces was to be shown to their rank . In May, Marlborough was arrested on a See also:

charge of high treason which subsequently See also:

broke down, and Anne persisted in regarding his disgrace as a See also:

PERSONAL

personal injury to herself . In See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1693. however, ' Dalrymple's Memoirs, ii . 249 . 4 See also:

Lord Ailesbury's Memoirs, 293 . See also:

Macpherson i . 241; See also:

Clarke's Life of James II., ii . 476 . The letter, which is only printed in fragments, is not in Anne's See also:

style, and if genuine was probably dictated by the Churchills . ' See also:

LUTTRELL, HENRY (c. 1765–1851)

Luttrell ii . 366, 376 .

II . 3 the two sisters were temporarily reconciled, and on the occasion of Mary's last illness and death Anne showed an affectionate See also:

CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration . The death of Mary weakened William's position and made it necessary to cultivate See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good relations with the princess . She was now treated with every honour and civility, and finally established with her own court at St James's Palace . At the same See also:

time William kept her in the background and refrained from appointing her See also:

REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent during his See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence . In See also:

March 1695 Marlborough was allowed to See also:

KISS

kiss the king's hands, and subsequently was made the duke of Gloucester's See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor and restored to his employments . In return Anne gave her support to William's See also:

government, though about this time, in 1696—according to James, in consequence of the near prospect of the throne—she wrote to her father asking for his leave to See also:

WEAR

wear the crown at William's death, and promising its restoration at a convenient opportunity.' The unfounded rumour that William contemplated settling the succession after his death on James's son, provided he were educated a Protestant in England, may possibly have alarmed her.' Meanwhile, since the birth of the duke of Gloucester, the princess had experienced six more miscarriages, and had given birth to two children who only survived a few See also:

HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, and the last maternal See also:

hope flickered out on the death of the See also:

young prince on the 29th of July 1700 . Henceforth Anne signs herself in her letters to Lady Ivlarlborough as " your poor unfortunate " as well as " faithful Morley." In See also:

DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default of her own issue, Anne's personal choice would probably have inclined at this time to her own See also:

FAMILY

family at St Germains, but the See also:

NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of maintaining the Protestant succession caused the enactment of the See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of Settlement in 1701, and the substitution of the Hanoverian See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch . She wore See also:

MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning for her father in 1701, and before his death James is said to have written to his daughter asking for her See also:

PROTECTION

protection for his family; but the recognition of his son by See also:

Louis XIS'. as king of England effectually prevented any good offices to which her feelings might have inclined her . On the 8th of March 1702 Anne became, by King William's death, queen of Great Britain, being crowned on the 23rd of See also:

APRIL

April . Her reign was destined to be one of the most brilliant in the See also:

ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals of England . Splendid military triumphs crushed the hereditary See also:

NATIONAL

national foe .

The Act of Union with Scotland constituted one of the strongest See also:

FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the future See also:

EMPIRE

empire . See also:

Art and literature found a fresh renascence . In her first speech to See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, like George III. afterwards, Anne declared her " See also:

heart to be entirely See also:

ENGLISH

English," words which were resented by some as a reflection on the See also:

LATE

late king . A See also:

MINISTRY

ministry,mostly Tory, with See also:

GODOLPHIN, SIDNEY GODOLPHIN, EARL

Godolphin at its See also:

head,was established . She obtained a See also:

grant of £700,000 a year, and hastened to bestow a pension of £100,000 on her See also:

HUSBAND

husband, whom she created generalissimo of her forces and lord high See also:

ADMIRAL

admiral, while Marlborough obtained the Garter; with the See also:

CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain-generalship and other prizes, including a dukedom, and the duchess was made See also:

MISTRESS

mistress of the See also:

ROBES (Fr. robe, Late Lat. roba, raupa, meaning (1)

robes with the See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the privy See also:

PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse . The queen showed from the first a strong interest in church matters, and declared her intention to keep church appointments in her own hands . She detested equally Roman Catholics and dissenters, showed a strong leaning towards the high-church party, and gave zealous support to the bill forbidding occasional conformity . In 1704 she announced to the See also:

COMMONS

Commons her intention of granting to the church the crown revenues, amounting to about £16,000 or £17,000 a year, from tenths and first-fruits (paid originally by the See also:

clergy to the See also:

pope, but appropriated by the crown in 1534), for the increase of poor livings; her See also:

GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift, under the name of " Queen Anne's See also:

BOUNTY (through O. Fr. bontet, from Lat. bonitas, goodness)

Bounty," still remaining as a testimony of her piety . This devotion to the church, the strongest of all motives in Anne's conduct, dictated her hesitating attitude towards the two great parties in the state . The Tories had for this See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason her personal preference, while the Whigs, who included her powerful favourites the Marlboroughs, identified their interests with ' Macpherson i . 257; Clarke's James II., ii . 559 .