See also:

• ANTHRACITE (Gr. avOpaE, coal)

ANTHRACITE (Gr. avOpaE, See also:

• COAL

coal)  , a See also:

• TERM

term applied to those varieties of See also:

• COAL

coal which do not give off tarry or other See also:

• HYDROCARBON

hydrocarbon vapours when heated below their point of ignition; or, in other words, which See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn with a smokeless and nearly non-luminous See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame . Other terms having the same meaning are, " See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone coal " (not to be confounded with the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Steinkohle) or "See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind coal " in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, and "See also:

• KILKENNY
• KILKENNY, STATUTE OF

Kilkenny coal " in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . The imperfect See also:

• ANTHRACITE (Gr. avOpaE, coal)

anthracite of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• DEVON, EARLS OF

Devon, which however is only used as a pigment, is known as See also:

• CALM

calm, the same term being used in See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification to distinguish the strata in which it is found, and similar strata in the Rhenish See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill countries which are known as the See also:

• CULM

Culm See also:

• MEASURES

Measures . In See also:

• AMERICA

America, culm is used as an See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent for See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste or slack in anthracite See also:

• MINING

mining . Physically, anthracite differs from See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary bituminous coal by its greater hardness, higher See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density, 1.3-1.4, and lustre, the latter being often semi-metallic with a somewhat brownish reflection . It is also See also:

• FREE

free from included soft or fibrous notches and does not See also:

• SOIL

soil the fingers when rubbed . Structurally it shows some alteration by the development of secondary divisional planes and fissures so that the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original stratification lines are not always easily seen . The thermal conductivity is also higher, a lump of anthracite feeling perceptibly colder when held in the warm See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand than a similar lump of bituminous coal at the same temperature . The chemical See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of some typical anthracites is given in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article COAL . Anthracite may be considered to be a transition See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage between ordinary bituminous coal and See also:

• GRAPHITE

graphite, produced by the more or less See also:

• COMPLETE

complete elimination of the volatile constituents of the former; and it is found most abundantly in areas that have been subjected to considerable See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth-movements, such as the flanks of See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ranges . The largest and most important anthracite region, that of the north-eastern portion of the See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania coal-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, is a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good example of this; the highly See also:

• CON

con torted strata of the Appalachian region produce anthracite exclusively, while in the western portion of the same See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin on the See also:

• OHIO

Ohio and its tributaries, where the strata are undisturbed, free-burning and coking coals, See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in volatile See also:

• MATTER

matter, prevail . In the same way the anthracite region of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales is confined to the contorted portion See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of See also:

• SWANSEA

Swansea and See also:

• LLANELLY

Llanelly, the H CH central and eastern portions producing See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam, coking and See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house coals .

Anthracites of newer, See also:

• TERTIARY

tertiary or cretaceous See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, are found in the See also:

• CROW (Dutch, kraal, Ger. Krdhe, Fr. corbeau, Lat. corvus)

Crow's See also:

• NEST

Nest See also:

• PART

part of the Rocky Mountains in See also:

• CANADA

Canada, and at various points in the See also:

• ANDES

Andes in See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal use of anthracite is as a smokeless See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel . In the eastern See also:

• UNITED

United States, it is largely employed as domestic fuel, usually in See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close stoves or furnaces, as well as for steam purposes, since, unlike that from South Wales., it does not decrepitate when heated, or at least not to the same extent . For proper use, however, it is necessary that the fuel should be supplied in pieces as nearly See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform in See also:

• SIZE

size as possible, a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that has led to the development of the breaker which is so characteristic a feature in See also:

• AMERICAN

American anthracite mining (see COAL) . The large coal as raised from the mine is passed through breakers with toothed rolls to reduce the lumps to smaller pieces, which are separated into different sizes by a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of graduated See also:

• SIEVES

sieves, placed in descending See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . Each size can be perfectly well burnt alone on an appropriate See also:

• GRATE (from Lat. crates, a hurdle)

grate, if kept free from larger or smaller admixtures . The See also:

• COMMON

common American classification is as follows: Lump, steamboat, See also:

• EGG (O.E. aeg, cf. Ger. Ei, Swed. aegg, and prob. Gr. u,ov, Lat. ovum)
• EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863)

egg and See also:

• STOVE

stove coals, the latter in two or three sizes, all three being above 12 in. size on See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round-hole screens . See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

Chestnut below 1i See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch above i. inch . ,r ++ S;'! rr From the See also:

• PEA (Pisum)

pea size downwards the principal use is for steam purposes . In South Wales a less elaborate classification is adopted; but great care is exercised in hand-picking and cleaning the coal from included particles of See also:

• PYRITES

pyrites in the higher qualities known as best malting coals, which are used for See also:

• KILN (0. E. cylene, from the Lat. culina, a kitchen, cooking-stove)

kiln-drying See also:

• MALT (O. Eng., mealt; O. Sax., malt; O. Tent., maltos; Mod. Ger., Malz; Scand., malt; probably derived from the Sanskrit mrdu, soft, thus having reference to the fact that malt is raw grain rendered soft or tender)

malt and hops . Formerly, anthracite was largely used, both in America and South Wales, as blast-See also:

• FURNACE

furnace fuel for See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron smelting, but for this purpose it has been largely superseded by See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

coke in the former See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and entirely in the latter . An important application has, however, been See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the extended use of See also:

• INTERNAL

internal See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion See also:

• MOTORS, ELECTRIC

motors driven by the so-called "mixed," "poor," " semi-See also:

• WATER

water " or " Dowson See also:

• GAS

gas " produced by the gasification of anthracite with See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air and a small proportion of steam .

This is probably the most economical method of obtaining See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power known; with an See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine as small as 15 See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-power the See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure of fuel is at the See also:

• RATE

rate of only r lb per horse-power See also:

• HOUR

hour, and with larger engines it is proportionately less . Large quantities of anthracite for power purposes are now exported from South Wales to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland and parts of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . (H .