See also:

• ANTHRAX (the Greek for " coal,” or " carbuncle," so called by the ancients because they regarded it as burning like coal; cf. the French equivalent charbon; also known as fievre charbonneuse, Milzbrand, splenic fever, and malignant pustule)

ANTHRAX (the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek for " See also:

• COAL

coal,” or " See also:

• CARBUNCLE (Lat. carbunculus, diminutive of carbo, a glowing coal)

carbuncle," so called by the ancients because they regarded it as burning like coal; cf. the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent charbon; also known as fievre charbonneuse, Milzbrand, splenic See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, and See also:

• MALIGNANT (Lat. malignus, evil-disposed, from maligenus)

malignant pustule)  , an acute, specific, infectious, virulent disease, caused by the Bacillus anthracis, in animals, chiefly See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and horses, and frequently occurring in workers in the See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool or See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, as well as in those handling the hides or carcases, of beasts which have been affected . Animals.—As affecting See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild as well as domesticated animals and See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, See also:

• ANTHRAX (the Greek for " coal,” or " carbuncle," so called by the ancients because they regarded it as burning like coal; cf. the French equivalent charbon; also known as fievre charbonneuse, Milzbrand, splenic fever, and malignant pustule)

anthrax has been widely diffused in one or more of its forms, over the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the globe . It at times decimates the See also:

• REINDEER

reindeer herds in See also:

• LAPLAND, or LAPPLAND

Lapland and the Polar regions, and is only too well known in the tropics and in temperate latitudes . It has been observed and described in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia, Central See also:

• ASIA

Asia, See also:

• CHINA

China, See also:

• COCHIN
• COCHIN, DENYS MARIE PIERRE AUGUSTIN (1851L'Evolution de la vie (1895); Le Monde exterieur (1845); Contre les barbares (1899)

Cochin-China, See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies, See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru, See also:

• PARAGUAY

Paraguay, See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil, See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, and other parts of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America, in See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia, and on different parts of the See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, while for other See also:

• EUROPEAN

European countries the writings which have been published with regard to its nature, its See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar characteristics, and the injury it inflicts are innumerable . Countries in which are extensive marshes, or the subsoil of which is tenacious or impermeable, are usually those most frequently and seriously visited . Thus there have been regions notorious for its prevalence, such as the marshes of See also:

• SOLOGNE (Secalaunia from Lat. secale, rye)

Sologne, See also:

• DOMBES

Dombes and See also:

• BRESSE

Bresse in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; certain parts of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary and See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland; in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain the See also:

• HALF

half-submerged valleys and the maritime coasts of See also:

• CATALONIA (Cataluna)

Catalonia, as well as the Romagna and other marshy districts of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy; while it is epizootic, and even panzootic, in the swampy regions of See also:

• ESTHONIA (Ger. Ehstland and Ehshland, Esthonian Eestimae and Meie-maa, also Viroma and Rahvama; Lettish Iggaun Senna)

Esthonia, See also:

• LIVONIA, or LIVLAND (Russian, Liflandia)

Livonia, See also:

• COURLAND, or KURLAND

Courland, and especially of Siberia, where it is known as the Sibirskaja jaswa (Siberian See also:

• BOIL

boil-See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague) . The records of anthrax,g o back to a very See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient date . It is supposed to be the See also:

• MURRAIN (derived through O. Fr. morine, from Lat. mori, to die)

murrain of See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

Exodus . Classical writers allude to anthrax as if it were the only cattle disease worthy cf mention (see See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil, Georg. iii.) . It figures largely in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early and See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages as a devastating pestilence attacking animals, and through them mankind; the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

Angle) . Saxon See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts contain many fantastic recipes, lcechdoms . See also:

• PEA (Pisum)

Pea „ ' H See also:

• BUCKWHEAT

Buckwheat See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

Rice See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

Barley „ ,•',; „ charms and incantations for the prevention or cure of the blacan blezene " (See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black Blain) and the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of the " elfshot creatures .

In the 18th and 19th centuries it sometimes spread like an epizootic over the whole of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, from Siberia to France . It was in this malady that disease-producing germs (bacteria) were first discovered, in 1849, by Pollender of Wipperfiirth, and, independently, by veterinary surgeon Brauell of Dorpat, and their real See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character afterwards verified by C . J . Davaine (1812-1882) of Alfort in 1863; and it was in their experiments with this disease that See also:

• TOUSSAINT

Toussaint, See also:

• PASTEUR, LOUIS (1822-1895)

Pasteur and J . B . Chauveau first showed how to make the morbific See also:

• POISON

poison its own antidote . (See See also:

• VIVISECTION

VIVISECTION.) The symptoms vary with the See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal, the mode of infection, and the seat of the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary See also:

• LESION (through Fr. from Lat. laesio, injury, laedere, to hurt)

lesion, See also:

• INTERNAL

internal or See also:

• EXTERNAL

external . In all its forms anthrax is an inoculable disease, transmission being surely and promptly effected by this means, and it may be conveyed to nearly all animals by inoculation of a See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound of the skin or through the See also:

• DIGESTIVE

digestive See also:

• ORGANS

organs . Cattle, sheep and horses nearly always owe their infection to spores or bacilli ingested with their See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food or See also:

• WATER

water, and pigs usually See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract the disease by eating the flesh of animals dead of anthrax . Internal anthrax, of cattle and sheep, exhibits no premonitory symptoms that can be relied on . Generally the first indication of an outbreak is the sudden See also:

• DEATH

death of one or more of the See also:

• HERD (a word common to Teutonic languages; the O. Eng. form was heord; cf. Ger. Herde, Swed. and Dan. hjord; the Sans. ca'rdhas, which shows the pre-Teutonic form, means a troop)

herd or See also:

• FLOCK

flock . Animals which do not See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die at once may be noticed to stagger and tremble; the breathing becomes hurried and the See also:

• PULSE

pulse very rapid, while the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart beats violently; the internal temperature of the See also:

• BODY

body is high, 104° to 1o6° F.; See also:

• BLOOD

blood oozes from the See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose, mouth and anus, the visible mucous membranes are dusky or almost black .

The animal becomes weak and See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list-less, the temperature falls and death supervenes in a few See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, being immediately preceded by See also:

• DELIRIUM (a Latin medical term for madness, from delirare, to be mad, literally to wander from the lira, or furrow)

delirium, See also:

• CONVULSIONS

convulsions or See also:

• COMA (Gr. K(.7)

coma . While death is usually rapid or sudden when the malady is See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, constituting what is designated splenic See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy, internal anthrax in cattle is not invariably fatal . In some cases the animal rallies from a first attack and gradually recovers . In the external or localized See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, marked by the formation of carbuncles before general infection takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, death may not occur for several days . The carbuncles may appear in any See also:

• PART

part of the body, being preceded or accompanied by See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever . They are See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the subcutaneous connective See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue where this is loose and plentiful, in the interstices of the muscles, lymphatic glands, in the mucous membranes of the mouth and See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue (glossanthrax of cattle), pharynx and larynx (anthrax angina of horses and pigs), and the rectum . They begin as small circumscribed swellings which are warm, slightly painful and oedematous . In from two to eight hours they attain a considerable See also:

• SIZE

size, are See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, painless and gangrenous, and when they are incised a quantity of a blood-stained gelatinous exudate escapes . When the swellings have attained certain proportions symptoms of general infection appear, and, See also:

• RUNNING

running their course with See also:

• GREAT

great rapidity, cause death in a few hours . Anthrax of the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse usually begins as an See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection of the See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat or bowel . In the former there is rapid obstructive oedema of the mucous membrane of the pharynx and larynx with swelling of the throat and See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, fever, salivation, difficulty in swallowing, noisy breathing, frothy See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge from the nose and threatening suffocation . General invasion soon ensues, and the horse may die in from four to sixteen hours .

The intestinal form is marked by high temperature, great prostration, small thready pulse, tumultuous See also:

• ACTION

action of the heart, laboured breathing and symptoms of abdominal See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain with straining and See also:

• DIARRHOEA (from Gr. &Q, through, pfw, flow)

diarrhoea: When moved the horse staggers and trembles . Profuse sweating, a falling temperature and cyanotic mucous membranes indicate the approach of a fatal termination . In splenic fever or splenic apoplexy, the most marked alterations observed after death are—the effects of rapid decomposition, evidenced by the foul odour, disengagement of See also:

• GAS

gas beneath the skin and in the tissues and cavities of the body, yellow or yellowish-red gelatinous exudation into and between the muscles, effusion of citron or See also:

• RUST (O.E. rust, a word which appears in -many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. roest, Ger. rost); in origin it is allied with " ruddy " and " red," the reddish-brown powdery substance which forms on the surface of iron or steel exposed to atmospheric corrosio

rust-coloured fluid in various cavities, extravasations of blood and See also:

• LOCAL

local congestions throughout the107 body, the blood in the vessels generally being very dark and See also:

• TAR

tar-like . The most notable feature, however, in the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of cases is the enormous enlargement of the See also:

• SPLEEN (Gr. o-1rXilv)

spleen, which is en-gorged with blood to such an extent that it often ruptures, while its tissue is changed into a See also:

• VIOLET

violet or black fluid See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass . The bacillus of anthrax, under certain conditions, retains its vitality for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and rapidly grows when it finds a suitable See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field in which to develop, its mode of multiplication being by scission and the formation of spores, and depending, to a great extent at least, on the presence of See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen . The morbid action of the bacillus is indeed said to be due to its See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity for oxygen; by depriving the red corpuscles of the blood of that most essential gas, it renders the vital fluid unfit to sustain See also:

• LIFE

life . See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert Hoffa and others• assert that the fatal lesigns are produced by the poisonous action of the toxins formed by the bacilli and not by the blocking up of the See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute blood-vessels, or the See also:

• ABSTRACTION (Lat. abs and trahere)

abstraction of oxygen from the blood by the bacilli . It was by the cultivation of this micro-organism, or attenuation of the See also:

• VIRUS, CHRISTOBAL DE (1550?-1615?)

virus, that Pasteur was enabled to produce a prophylactic remedy for anthrax . His See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery was first made with regard to the See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera of fowls, a most destructive disorder which annually carries off great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of poultry . Pasteur produced his inoculation material by the cultivation of the bacilli at a temperature of 42° C. in oxygen . Two vaccines are required . The first or weak vaccine is obtained by incubating a See also:

• BOUILLON

bouillon culture for twenty-four days at 42° C., and the second or less attenuated vaccine by incubating a bouillon culture, at the same temperature, for twelve days .

Pasteur's method of protective inoculation comprises two inoculations with an See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of twelve days between them . See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

Immunity, established in about fifteen days after the injection of the second vaccine, lasts from nine months to a See also:

• YEAR

year . Toussaint had, previous to Pasteur, attenuated the virus of anthrax by the action of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat; and Chauveau subsequently corroborated by numerous experiments the value of Toussaint's method, demonstrating that, according to the degree of heat to which the virus is subjected, so is its inocuousness when transferred to a healthy creature . In outbreaks of anthrax on farms where many animals are exposed to infection immediate temporary See also:

• PROTECTION

protection can be conferred by the injection of anthrax serum . Human Beings.—For many years cases of sudden death had been observed to occur from time to time among healthy men engaged in woollen manufactories, particularly in the See also:

• WORK

work of sorting or combing wool . In some instances death appeared to be due to the See also:

• DIRECT

direct inoculation of some poisonous material into the body, for a form of See also:

• MALIGNANT (Lat. malignus, evil-disposed, from maligenus)

malignant pustule was observed upon the skin; but, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, in not a few cases without any external manifestation, symptoms of blood-poisoning, often proving rapidly fatal, suggested the See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability of other channels for the introduction of the disease . In 188o the occurrence of several such cases among woolsorters at See also:

• BRADFORD
• BRADFORD, JOHN (1510?—1555)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590—1657)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663—1752)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1827—1892)

Bradford, reported by Dr J . H . See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

Bell of that See also:

• TOWN

town, led to an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official inquiry in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England by the Local See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board, and an elaborate investigation into the See also:

• PATHOLOGY (from Gr. raBos, suffering)

pathology of what was then called " woolsorters' disease " was at the same time conducted at the See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown Institution, See also:

• LONDON

London, by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor W . S . See also:

• GREENFIELD

Greenfield . Among the results of this inquiry it was ascertained: (1) that the disease appeared to be identical with that occurring among sheep and cattle; (2) that in the blood and tissues of the body was found in abundance, as in the disease in animals, the Bacillus anthracis, and (3) that the skins, hair, wool, &c., of animals dying of anthrax retain this infecting organism, which, under certain conditions, finds ready See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the bodies of the workers .

Two well-marked forms of this disease in man are recognized, " external anthrax " and " internal anthrax." In external anthrax the infecting See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent is accidentally inoculated into some portion of skin, the seat of a slight See also:

• ABRASION (from Lat. ab, off, and radere, to scrape)

abrasion, often the hand, See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm or See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face . A minute swelling ,soon appears at the part, and develops into a vesicle containing serum or bloody See also:

• MATTER

matter, and varying in size, but seldom larger than a See also:

• SHILLING

shilling . This vesicle speedily bursts and leaves an ulcerated or sloughing surface, See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round about which are numerous smaller vesicles which undergo similar changes, and the whole affected part becomes hard and See also:

• TENDER

tender, while the surrounding surface participates in the inflammatory action, and the neighbouring lymphatic glands are also inflamed . This See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, termed " malignant pustule," is frequently accompanied with severe constitutional disturbance, in the form of fever, delirium, perspirations, together with great prostration and a tendency to death from septicaemia, although on the other hand recovery is not uncommon . It was repeatedly found that the matter taken from the vesicle during the progress of the disease, as well as the blood in the body after death, contained the Bacillus anthracis, and when inoculated into small animals produced rapid death, with all the symptoms and See also:

• POST

post-mortem appearances characteristic of the disease as known to affect them . In internal anthrax there is no visible local manifestation of the disease, and the spores or bacilli appear to gain access to the See also:

• SYSTEM

system from the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air charged with them, as in rooms where the contaminated wool or hair is unpacked, or again during the See also:

• PROCESS

process of sorting . The symptoms usually observed are those of rapid See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical prostration, with a small pulse, somewhat lowered temperature (rarely fever), and quickened breathing . Examination of the See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest reveals inflammation .of the lungs' and pleura . In some cases death takes place by collapse in less than one See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, while in others the fatal issue is postponed for three or four days, and is preceded by symptoms of blood-poisoning, including rigors, perspirations, extreme exhaustion, &c . In some cases of internal anthrax the symptoms are more intestinal than pulmonary, and consist in severe exhausting diarrhoea, with vomiting and rapid sinking . Recovery from the internal variety, although not unknown, is more rare than from the external, and its most striking phenomena are its sudden onset in the midst of apparent See also:

• HEALTH

health, the rapid development of physical prostration, and its tendency to a fatal termination despite treatment . The post-mortem appearances in internal anthrax are such as are usually observed in septicaemia, but in addition See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of extensive inflammation of the lungs, pleura and bronchial glands has in most cases been met with .

The blood and other fluids and the diseased tissues are found loaded with the Bacillus anthracis . Treatment in this disease appears to be of but little avail, except as regards the external form, where the malignant pustule may be excised or dealt with early by strong caustics to destroy the affected textures . For the relief of the general constitutional symptoms, See also:

• QUININE

quinine, stimulants and strong nourishment appear to be the only available means . An See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-anthrax serum has also been tried . As preventive See also:

• MEASURES

measures in woollen manufactories, the disinfection of suspicious material, or the wetting of it before handling, is recommended as lessening the See also:

• RISK

risk to the workers . (J .