See also:

• ANTHROPOMORPHISM (Gr. &vOponros, man, ,uopcb , form)

ANTHROPOMORPHISM (Gr. &vOponros, See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, ,uopcb , See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form)  , the attribution (a) of a human See also:

• BODY

body, or (b) of human qualities generally, to See also:

• GOD

God or the gods . The word See also:

• ANTHROPOMORPHISM (Gr. &vOponros, man, ,uopcb , form)

anthropomorphism is a See also:

• MODERN

modern coinage (possibly from 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French) . The New See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary is misled by the 1866 reprint of See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul Bayne on See also:

• EPHESIANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Ephesians when it quotes " anthropomorphist " as x7th century English . Seventeenth century See also:

• EDITIONS

editions See also:

• PRINT

print " anthropomorphits," i.e. anthropomorphites, in sense (a) . The older abstract See also:

• TERM

term is "anthropopathy," literally "attributing human feelings," in sense (b) . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, among its many See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, includes beasts (see See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

ANIMAL-WORSHIP), considered, in the more refined See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology of the later Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, as metamorphoses of the See also:

• GREAT

great gods . Similarly we find " therianthropic " forms—See also:

• HALF

half animal, half human—in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt or See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria-Babylonia . In contrast with these, it is considered one of the glories of the Olympian See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology of See also:

• GREECE

Greece that it believed in happy manlike beings (though exempt from See also:

• DEATH

death, and using See also:

• SPECIAL

special rarefied foods, &c.), and celebrated them in statues of the most exquisite See also:

• ART

art . See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel shows us animal images, doubtless of a ruder sort, when Yahweh is worshipped in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom under the See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of a See also:

• STEER, PAUL WILSON (186o– )

steer . (Some scholars think the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title " mighty one of See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob," See also:

• PSALM (from the Gr. word * hXAew, to play the harp)

Psalm cxxxii., 2, 5, et al., r4x as if from See also:

• LATE

late, is really " steer "'•p ! " of Jacob.") But the higher religion of Israel inclined to morality more than to art, and forbade image worship altogether . This prepared the way for the conception of God as an immaterial Spirit .

True mythical anthropomorphisms occur in early parts of the Old Testament (e.g . See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

Genesis iii . 8, cf. vi . 2), though in the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of Old Testament passages such expressions are merely verbal (e.g . See also:

• ISAIAH
• ISAIAH, ASCENSION OF

Isaiah lix . I) . In the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church (and again in early Mahommedanism) See also:

• SIMPLE

simple minds believed in the corporeal nature of God . See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon and other writers quote from See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Cassian the See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale of the poor See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk, who, being convinced of his See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error, burst into tears, exclaiming, " You have taken away my God ! I have none now whom I can worship!" According to a fragment of See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen (on Genesis i . 26), See also:

• MELITO

Melito of See also:

• SARDIS

Sardis shared this belief . Many have thought Melito's See also:

• WORK

work, crepe Evvcuµarou See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

Bed, must have been a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on the Incarnation; but it is hard to think that Origen could blunder so . See also:

• EPIPHANIUS, SAINT (c. 315-402)

Epiphanius tells of See also:

• AUDAEUS

Audaeus of See also:

• MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia and his followers, Puritan sectaries in the 4th century, who were orthodox except for this belief and for Quartodecimanism (see See also:

• EASTER

EASTER) .

See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian, who is sometimes called an anthropomorphist, stood for the Stoical See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine, that all reality, even the divine, is in a sense material . The reaction against anthropomorphism begins in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy with the satirical spirit of See also:

• XENOPHANES

Xenophanes (540 B.c.), who puts the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case as broadly as any . The " greatest God " resembles See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man " neither in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form nor in mind." In Judaism—unless we should refer to the prophets' polemic against imagesa reaction is due to the introduction of the codified See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . God seemed to grow more remote . The old sacred name Yahweh is never pronounced; even " God " is avoided for allusive titles like " See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven " or " See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place." Still, amid all this, the God of Judaism remains a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal, almost a limited, being . In See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

Philo we see Jewish scruples uniting with others See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from Greek philosophy . For, though the See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with popular anthropomorphism was patched up, and the gods of the See also:

• PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

Pantheon were described by See also:

• STOICS

Stoics and Epicureans as manlike in form, philosophy nevertheless tended to highly abstract conceptions of supreme, or real, deity . Philo followed out the See also:

• LINE

line of this tradition in teaching that God cannot be named . How much exactly he meant is disputed . The same See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance of Greek philosophy appears in the Christian fathers, especially Origen . He names and condemns the "anthropomorphites," who ascribe a human body to God (on Romans i., sub fin.; See also:

• RUFINUS, TYRANNIUS

Rufinus' Latin version) . In Arabian philosophy the reaction sought to deny that God had any attributes .

And, under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan Aristotelianism, the same paralysing See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation found entrance among the learned See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain (see MAIMONIAES) . Till modern times the philosophical reaction was not carried out with full vigour . See also:

• SPINOZA, BARUCH (1632-1677)

Spinoza (See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

Ethics, i . 15 and 17), representing here as elsewhere both a Jewish inheritance and a philosophical, but advancing further, sweeps away all community between God and man . So later J . G . See also:

• FICHTE, IMMANUEL HERMANN (originally HARTMANN) VON (1797-1879)
• FICHTE, JOHANN GOTTLIEB (1762-1814)

Fichte and See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold (" a magnified and non-natural man "),—strangely, in view of their strong belief in an See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective moral See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . For the use of the word " anthropomorphic," or kindred forms, in this new spirit of condemnation for all conceptions of God as manlike—sense (b) noted above—see J . J . See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau in Emile iv . (cited by See also:

• LITTRE, MAXIMILIEN PAUL SMILE (1801-1881)

Littre),—Nous sommes pour la plupart de vrais anthropomorphites . Rousseau is here speaking of the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of Christian theology,—a divine Spirit: divine Persons .

At the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day this usage is universal . What it means on the lips of pantheists is See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain . But when theists See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge one another with " anthropomorphism," in order to rebuke what they deem unduly manlike conceptions of God, they stand on slippery ground . All See also:

• THEISM
• THEISM (Gr. Beor, god)

theism implies the assertion of kinship between man, especially in his moral being, and God . As a brilliant theologian, B . Duhm, has said, physicmorphism is the enemy of Christian faith, not anthropomorphism . The latest See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the word, proposed in the interests of philosophy or See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

psychology, uses it of the principle according to which man is said to interpret all things (not God merely) through himself . See also:

• COMMON

Common-sense intuitionalism would deny that man' does this, attributing to him immediate knowledge of reality . And See also:

• IDEALISM (from Gr. i5Ea, archetype or model, through been urged of the truth of its point of view is the persistency Fr. idealisme)

idealism in all its forms would say that man, interpreting through his See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, does rightly, and reaches truth . Even here then the use of the word is not colourless . It implies blame . It is the symptom of a philosophy which confines knowledge within narrow limits, and which, when held by Christians (e.g .

See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter See also:

• BROWNE
• BROWNE, EDWARD HAROLD (18,1–1891)
• BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (1705-1760)
• BROWNE, JAMES (1793–1841)
• BROWNE, MAXIMILIAN ULYSSES, COUNT VON, BARON DE CAMUS AND MOUNTANY (1705-1757)
• BROWNE, PETER (?1665-1735)
• BROWNE, ROBERT (1550-1633)
• BROWNE, SIR JAMES (1839–1896)
• BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM (1591–1643)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE (1768-1813)

Browne, or H . L . See also:

• MANSEL, HENRY LONGUEVILLE (1820-1871)

Mansel), believes only in an " analogical " knowledge of God . (R .