GIACOMO See also:

• GIACOMO ANTONELLI (1806-1876)

ANTONELLI (1806-1876)  , See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• SONNINO, SIDNEY, BARON (1847– )

Sonnino on the 2nd of See also:

• APRIL

April 18o6 . He was educated for the priesthood, but, after taking See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor orders, gave up the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of becoming a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, and See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose an administrative career . Created See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate, he was sent as apostolic delegate to See also:

• VITERBO

Viterbo, where he See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early manifested his reactionary tendencies in an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp out Liberalism . Recalled to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome in 1841, he entered the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of the papal secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, but four years later was appointed pontifical treasurer-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . Created cardinal (Iith See also:

• JUNE

June 1847), he was chosen by See also:

• PIUS

Pius IX. to preside over the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of state entrusted with the drafting of the constitution . On the loth of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1848 See also:

• ANTONELLI, GIACOMO (1806-1876)

Antonelli became premier of the first constitutional See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of Pius IX., a capacity in which he displayed consummate duplicity . Upon the fall of his See also:

• CABINET

cabinet Antonelli created for himself the governorship of the sacred palaces in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to retain See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope . After the assassination of Pellegrino See also:

• ROSSI, LUIGI DE
• ROSSI, PELLEGRINO LUIGI EDOARDO, COUNT (1787-1848)

Rossi (15th See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1848) he arranged the See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of Pius IX. to See also:

• GAETA (anc. Caietae Portus)

Gaeta, where he was appointed secretary of state . Notwithstanding promises to the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, he restored See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government upon returning to Rome (12th April 185o) and violated the conditions of the surrender by wholesale imprisonment of Liberals . In 1855 he narrowly escaped assassination . As ally of the Bourbons of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, from whom he had received an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• SUBSIDY (through Fr. from Lat. subsidium, reserve troops, aid, assistance, from subsidere, literally " to sit or remain behind or in reserve,")

subsidy, he attempted, after 186o, to facilitate their restoration by fomenting See also:

• BRIGANDAGE

brigandage on the Neapolitan frontier . To the overtures of See also:

• RICASOLI, BETTINO, BARON (1809-1880)

Ricasoli in 1861, Pius IX., at Antonelli's See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion, replied with the famous " Non possumus," but subsequently (1867) accepted, too See also:

• LATE

late, Ricasoli's proposal concerning ecclesiastical See also:

• PROPERTY

property .

After the See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention (1864) Antonelli organized the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• ANTIBES

Antibes to replace See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French troops in Rome, and in 1867 secured French aid against See also:

• GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE (1807-1882)

Garibaldi's invasion of papal territory . Upon the reoccupation of Rome by the French after Mentana, Antonelli again ruled supreme, but upon the entry of the Italians in 187o was obliged to restrict his activity to the management of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign relations . He wrote, with papal approval, the See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter requesting the Italians to occupy the Leonine See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and obtained from the Italians See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of the See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's pence (5,000,000 lire) remaining in the papal See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer, as well as 50,000 scudi—the first and only See also:

• INSTALMENT (for earlier stallment or estallment, from Fr. estaler, to fix, arrange; the change is probably due to the influence of the verb " install ")

instalment of the Italian See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance (subsequently fixed by the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law of Guarantees, March 21, 1871) ever accepted by the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See . At Antonelli's See also:

• DEATH

death the Vatican finances were found to be in disorder, with a deficit of 45,000,000 lire . His See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune, accumulated during office, was considerable, and was bequeathed almost entirely to members of his See also:

• FAMILY

family . To the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church he See also:

• LEFT

left little and to the pope only a trifling souvenir . From 185o until his death he interfered little in affairs of See also:

• DOGMA (Gr. Sbypa, from b6aeiv, to seem; literally " that which seems, sc. good or true or useful " to any one)

dogma and church discipline, although he addressed to the powers circulars enclosing the See also:

• SYLLABUS (from Gr. auXXa 43aveuv, to take together, cf. " syllable ")

Syllabus (1864) and the acts of the Vatican Council (187o) . His activity was devoted almost exclusively to the struggle between the papacy and the Italian Risorgimento, the See also:

• HISTORY

history of which is comprehensible only when the influence exercised by his unscrupulous, grasping and sinister See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality is fully taken into See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account . He died on the 6th of November 1876 .