See also:

• APHRAATES (a Greek form of the Persian name Aphraha>: or Pharhadh)

APHRAATES (a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian name Aphraha>: or Pharhadh)  , a See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac writer belonging to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of 'the '4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A . D., who composed a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of twenty-three expositions or homilies on points of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine and practice . The first ten were written in -337, the following twelve in 344, and the last in 345.1 The author was See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early known as hakkimd phartaya ("the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage"), was a subject of Sapor II., and was probably of See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen parentage and himself a convert from heathenism . He seems at some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in his See also:

• LIFE

life to have assumed the name of See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob, and is so entitled in the See also:

• COLOPHON

colophon to a MS: of A.D . 512 which contains twelve of his homilies . Hence he was already by Gennadius of See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles (before 496) confused. with Jacob, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• NISIBIS (Nasibina in the Assyrian inscriptions)

Nisibis; and' the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Armenian: version of nineteen of the homilies has been published under this latter name . But (I) Jacob of Nisibis, who attended the_ See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• NICAEA, COUNCIL OF
• NICAEA, or NICE

Nicaea, died in 338; and (2) our author, being a Persian subject, cannot have lived at Nisibis, which became Persian only by See also:

• JOVIAN (FLAVIUS JoVIANUs) (c. 332-364)

Jovian's treaty of 363 . That , his name was Aphrahat or Pharhadh we learn from comparatively See also:

• LATE

late writers—See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar Bahlul (loth century), See also:

• ELIAS, JOHN (1774-1841)

Elias of Nisibis (1rth), Bar-Hebraeus,- and `Abad-isho' . See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George, bishop of the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing in A.D . 714'to.a friend who had sent him a series of questions about the " Persian sage," confesses See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of his name, See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home and `See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank; but infers from his homilies that he was a See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk, and of high esteem among the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy . The fact that in 344 he was selected to draw up a circular See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter from a council of bishops and other clergy to the churches of See also:

• SELEUCIA (Gr. EeXeimeta)

Seleucia and See also:

• CTESIPHON

Ctesiphon and elsewhere—included in our collection as See also:

• HOMILY

homily 14—is held by Dr W . See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright and others to prove that he was a bishop .

According to a marginal See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note in a 14th-century MS . (B.M . Orient . 1017), he was "bishop of See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar Mattai," a famous monastery near See also:

• MOSUL

Mosul, but it is unlikely that this institution existed so early . The homilies of See also:

• APHRAATES (a Greek form of the Persian name Aphraha>: or Pharhadh)

Aphraates are intended to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, as See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Burkitt has shown . " a full and ordered exposition of the Christian faith." The standpoint is that of the Syriac-speaking See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, before it was touched by the Arian controversy . Beginning with faith as the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation, the writer proceeds to build up the structure of doctrine and See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty . The first ten homilies, which form one See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division completed in 337, are without polemical reference; 1 See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

Horn . 1-22 begin with the letters of the Syriac See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet in suecessiotr: Their See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in the Syriac See also:

• MSS

MSS. is therefore right . The ancient Armenian version, published byAntonelli in 1756, has only 19 of the homilies, and those in a somewhat different order . their subjects are faith, love, See also:

• FASTING (from " fast," derived from old Teutonic fastejan; synonyms being the Gr. vnorebety, late Lat. jejunare)

fasting, See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer, See also:

• WARS

wars (a somewhat mysterious setting forth of the conflict between See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and See also:

• PERSIA

Persia under the imagery of See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel), the sons of the See also:

• COVENANT
• COVENANT (an O. Fr. form, later convenant, from convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire)

covenant (monks or ascetics), penitents, the resurrection, humility, pastors . Those numbered 11-22, written in 344, are almost all directed against the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews; the subjects are See also:

• CIRCUMCISION (Lat. circum, round, and caedere, to cut)

circumcision, See also:

• PASSOVER

passover, the See also:

• SABBATH

sabbath, persuasion (the encyclical letter referred to above), distinction of meats, the substitution of the Gentiles for the Jews, that See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ is the Son of See also:

• GOD

God, virginity and holiness, whether the Jews have been finally rejected or are yet to be restored, See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision for the poor, persecution, See also:

• DEATH

death and the last times .

The 23rd homily, on the " See also:

• GRAPE

grape See also:

• KERNEL (O.E. cyrnel, a diminutive of " corn," seed, grain)

kernel" (Is. lxv . 8), written in 344, forms an appendix on the Messianic fulfilment of prophecy, together with a treatment of the See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology from See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam to Christ . Aphraates impresses a reader favourably by his moral earnestness, his guilelessness, his moderation in controversy, the simplicity of his See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, his saturation with the ideas and words of Scripture . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, he is full of cumbrous repetition, he lacks precision in See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument and is prone to digression, his quotations from Scripture are often inappropriate, and he is greatly influenced by Jewish exegesis . He is particularly fond of arguments about See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers . How wholly he and his surroundings were untouched by the Arian conflict may be judged from the 17th homily—" that Christ is the Son of God." He argues that, as the name " God " or " Son of God " was given in the O.T. to men who were worthy, and as God does not withhold from men a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in His attributes.—such as See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty and fatherhood—it was fitting that Christ who has wrought salvation for mankind should obtain this highest name . From the frequency of his quotations, Aphraates; is a specially important See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness to the form in which the Gospels were read in the Syriac church in his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day; Zahn and others have shown that he—mainly at least—used the Diatessaron . Finally, he bears important contemporary witness to the sufferings of the Christian church in Persia under Sapor (See also:

• SHAPUR (Pahlavi, Shahpuhre, " son of the king "; Greek Sapores, commonly Sapor)

Shapur) II. as well as the moral evils which had infected the church, to the sympathy of Persian Christians with the cause of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, to the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of early monastic institutions, to the practice of the Syriac church in regard to See also:

• EASTER

Easter, &c . See also:

• EDITIONS

Editions by W . Wright (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1869), and J.Parisot (with Latin See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1894) ; the ancient Armenian version of 19 homilies edited, translated into Latin, and annotated by See also:

• ANTONELLI, GIACOMO (1806-1876)

Antonelli (Rome, 1956) . Besides See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of particular homilies by G . Bickell and E .

W . Budge, the whole have been translated by G . See also:

• BERT, PAUL (1833-1886)

Bert (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1888) . Cf. also C . J . F . Sasse, Proleg, in Aphr . Sapientis Persae sermones homileticos (Leipzig, ' 1879) ; J . Forget, De Vita et Scriptis Aphraatis (See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain, 1882); F . C . Burkitt, Early Eastern See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity (London, 1904) ; J . Labourt, Le Christianisme dans l'empire See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse (Paris, 1904); J .

Zahn, Forschungen I.; Aphraates and the Diatessaron,' vol. ii. pp . 18o-186 of Burkitt's Evangelion Da-Mepharreshe (See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge; 1904) ; articles' on " Aphraates and See also:

• MONASTICISM (Gr. p.ovacrnabs, living alone, µ6vos)

Monasticism," by R . H . Connolly and Burkitt in See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Theological Studies (1905) pp . 522-539; (1906) pp . 10-15 . (N .