APPROXIMATE See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

PRODUCTION FOR THE See also:

• UNITED

UNITED  STATES See also:

• YEAR

Year . Tons barbed See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire . Tons See also:

• MESHED (properly Mash-had, " the place of martyrdom ")

meshed See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field See also:

• FENCING

fencing . 1874 5 1875 300 1876 1,500 1877 7,000 1878 13,000 1879 25,000 188o 40,000 1890 125,000 1900 200,000 50,000 1907 250,000 425,000 Barbed wire is usually shipped to customers on wooden spools, each holding approximately too lb or 8o to See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo rods . A hole is provided through the centre of the spool for inserting a See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar, on which the See also:

• REEL (O.E. hreol, glossed by the Med. Lat. alibrum in .lelfric's Glossary, c. 1o5o; the word is of unknown origin; it does not appear in cognate languages, and Celtic forms such as Gaelic ruidhil are from English)

reel can revolve for unwinding the wire as it is put up . After the wire is stretched in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, it is attached to the wooden posts by means of galvanized See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel wire staples, ordinarily made from No . 9 wire . They are cut with a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, See also:

• DIAGONAL (Gr. &a, through, ywvia, a corner)

diagonal point and can be easily driven into the posts . On See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the rapid decay and destruction of wooden posts, steel posts have become popular, as also have reinforced See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete posts, which add materially to the durability of the fence . It is essential that barbed wire should be stretched with See also:

• GREAT

great care . For this purpose a suitable barbed wire stretcher is necessary . Barbed wire fencing is now manufactured in various patterns .

The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• PROCESS

process may be outlined briefly as follows:—The wire is made of soft See also:

• BESSEMER
• BESSEMER, SIR HENRY (1813-1898)

Bessemer or See also:

• SIEMENS, ERNST WERNER VON (1816-1892)
• SIEMENS, SIR WILLIAM [KARL WILHELM] (1823-1883)

Siemens-See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin steel, and is See also:

• DRAWN

drawn in the wire See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill in the usual way . Galvanizing is done by a continuous process . The coil of wire to be galvanized is placed on a reel . The first end of the wire is led longitudinally through an See also:

• ANNEALING, HARDENING AND

annealing See also:

• MEDIUM

medium—either red-hot See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead or heated See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick tubes—of sufficient When once started, the operation of barbed wire making is continuous and rapid . The See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of two strands is the automatic See also:

• ADJUSTMENT (from late Lat. ad juxtare, derived from juxta, near, but early confounded with a supposed derivation from justus, right)

adjustment to changes of temperature . When See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat expands the strands, the twist simply loosens without causing a sag, and when See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold contracts them, the twist tightens, all without materially altering the relative lengths of the combined wires . A barbed wire See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine produces from 2000 to 3000 lb of wire per See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of ten See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours . In some See also:

• AMERICAN

American states, the use of barbed wire is regulated by See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, but as a See also:

• RULE

rule these See also:

• LAWS

laws apply to placing barbed wire on high-ways . Others prohibit the use of barbed wire fencing to indicate the See also:

• PROPERTY

property See also:

• LINE

line between different owners, unless both agree to its use . In some states the use of barbed wire is prohibited unless it has a See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top See also:

• RAIL

rail of See also:

• LUMBER

lumber . Barbed wire is also employed in connexion with " obstacles " in field fortifications, especially in what are known as " high wire en-tanglements." Pointed stakes or " pickets," 4 ft. high, are planted in rows and secured by See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary wire to holdfasts or pegs in the ground . Each See also:

• PICKET, PIQUET

picket is connected to all around it, top and bottom, by lengths of barbed wire .

In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, where the use of barbed wire has also become See also:

• COMMON

common, the Barbed Wire See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act 1893 enacted that, where there is on any See also:

• LAND

land adjoining a See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway within the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county or See also:

• DISTRICT

district of a See also:

• LOCAL

local authority, a fence which is made with barbed wire (i.e. any wire with spikes or jagged projections), or in which barbed wire has been placed, and where such barbed wire may probably be injurious to persons or animals lawfully using the highway, the local authority may require the occupier of the land to 'abate the See also:

• NUISANCE (through Fr. noisance, nuisance, from Lat. nocere, to hurt)

nuisance by serving See also:

• NOTICE

notice in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing upon him . If the occupier fails to do so within the specified See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, the local authority may apply to a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• SUMMARY

summary See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction, and such court, if satisfied that the barbed wire is a nuisance, may by summary See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order See also:

• DIRECT

direct the occupier to abate it, and on his failure to comply with the order within a reasonable time, the local authority may execute it and recover in a summary manner from the occupier the expenses incurred .