See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

AQUEDUCT (See also:

• LAT

Lat. aqua, See also:

• WATER

water, and ducere, to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)  , a See also:

• TERM

term properly including artificial See also:

• WORKS

works of every See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind by means of which See also:

• WATER

water is conveyed from one See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to another, but generally used in a more limited sense . It is, in fact, rarely employed except in cases where the See also:

• WORK

work is of considerable magnitude and importance, and where the water flows naturally by See also:

• GRAVITATION (from Lat. gravis, heavy)

gravitation . The most important purpose for which aqueducts are constructed is that of conveying pure water, from See also:

• SOURCES

sources more or less distant, to large masses of See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . Aqueducts are either below ground, on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface, or raised on walls either solid or pierced with See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches; to the last the term is often confined in popular See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . The choice of method naturally depends on the See also:

• CONTOUR

contour of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . I . See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Aqueducts.—In See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, Babylonia and See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria—See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat countries traversed by big See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and subject to floods—water was supplied by means of open canals with large basins . In See also:

• PERSIA

Persia devices of all kinds were adopted according to the nature of the country . In relation to the achievements of See also:

• GREECE

Greece and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, the Phoenicians are the most important among pre-classical See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers . In See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus water was supplied to temples by See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-cut subterranean conduits carried across intervening valleys in siphons . Such conduits have been found near See also:

• CITIUM (Gr. Kition)

Citium, See also:

• AMATHUS

Amathus, &c . (See also:

• CESNOLA, LUIGI PALMA DI (1832–1904)

Cesnola, Cyprus, pp .

187, 341) . In See also:

• SYRIA

Syria the most striking of Phoenician waterworks is the well of See also:

• RAS

Ras-el-See also:

• AIN

Ain near See also:

• TYRE (Phoen. and Hebr. =" rock," Assyr. S'urru, Egypt. Dara, Early Lat. Sarra)

Tyre, which consisted of four strong octagonal towers through which rises to a height of r8 to 20 ft. the water from four deep artesian See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells . The water thus accumulated was carried off in conduits to reservoirs near the See also:

• SHORE

shore, and thence in vessels or skins to the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island . The See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct across to the island is, of course, of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman work . It is not possible in all cases to find a satisfactory date for the numerous conduits which have supplied See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem; some probably go back to the times of the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of See also:

• JUDAH

Judah . Jerusalem . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir consists of the three Pools of See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon which supplied the old aqueduct; the highest is about 20 ft. above the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle one and 40 above the lowest . These pools collected the water from Ain Saleh and other springs, and sent it to the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city by two conduits . The higher of these—probably the older—was partly a rock-cut See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, partly carried on See also:

• MASONRY

masonry; the See also:

• SIPHON, or SYPHON (Lat. sipho; Gr. vi4xov, a tube)

siphon-See also:

• PIPE

pipe See also:

• SYSTEM

system was adopted across the See also:

• LOWER

lower ground near See also:

• RACHEL (1821-1858)

Rachel's See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

Tomb, where the pipe (15 in. wide) is formed of large pierced stones embedded in See also:

• RUBBLE

rubble masonry . The lower conduit is still See also:

• COMPLETE

complete; it winds so much as to be altogether some 20 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . Near the Birket-es-See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan it passes over the valley of Hinnom on nine See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low arches and reaches the city on the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill above the Tyropeon valley . It enters the Haram enclosure at the See also:

• GATE

Gate of the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

Chain (Bab es-Silsila), outside which is a See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin 84 ft. by 42 by 24 deep .

It is interesting to See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the underground, See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel which brought water from the Virgin's See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

Fountain to the See also:

• POOL

pool of Siloam, that the two See also:

• BORING

boring parties had no certain means of keeping the See also:

• LINE

line; there is See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that they had to make shafts to discover their position, and that ultimately the parties almost passed one another . Though the See also:

• DIRECT

direct distance is ttoo ft., the length of the conduit is over 1700 ft . See also:

• PERROT, SIR JOHN (c. 1S27–1592)

Perrot and Chipiez incline to attribute the Pools of Solomon to the 'Asmonaeans, followed by Roman See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors, whereas the earlier tunnels of the Kedron and Tyropeon valley may be Punic-Jewish (see also Palest . Explor . Fund Mem., " Jerusalem," pp . 346-365) . Besides these conduits excavation has discovered traces of many other cisterns, tunnels and conduits of various kinds . Many of them point to periods of See also:

• GREAT

great prosperity and See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering enterprise which gave to the city a water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply far See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to that which exists at See also:

• PRESENT

present . See the publications of the See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine Exploration Fund; A . S . See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray's Handbook to Syria and Palestine (1903), pp . 63-67 ; Perrot and Chipiez, See also:

• HISTORY

History of See also:

• ART

Art in See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia, See also:

• JUDAEA

Judaea, &c .

(Eng. trans., 1890), pp . 321 ff.; other authorities quoted under JERUSALEM . The earliest attempts in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe to solve the problems of water-supply were made by the Greeks, who perhaps derived their ideas from the Phoenicians . It has generally See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

Creek. been held, partly on the strength of a passage in See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo (v 3 . 8, p . 235), and partly owing to the See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative unimportance of the remains discovered, that the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek works were altogether inferior to the Roman . See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

Research in the Greek towns of See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, together with a juster appreciation of the remains as a whole, must be held to modify this view . Among the earliest examples of Greek work are the tunnels or emissaria which drained See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Copais in See also:

• BOEOTIA

Boeotia; these, though not strictly aqueducts, were undoubtedly the precursors of such works, consisting as they did of subterranean tunnels (iirovo,uot) with See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical shafts (*peariat), sixteen of which are still recognizable, the deepest being about 150 ft . They may be compared with that described by See also:

• POLYBIUS (c. 204–122 B.C.)

Polybius as conveying water from See also:

• TAURUS (" the Bull ")

Taurus to Hecatompylos, and with numerous other remains in Asia Minor, Syria, . See also:

• PHOENICIA

Phoenicia and See also:

• PALMYRA

Palmyra . Popular See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend ascribed them to See also:

• CADMUS

Cadmus, just as See also:

• ARGOS

Argos referred the See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation of its lands to Danaiis . They are undoubtedly of great antiquity .

The insufficiency of water, supplied by natural springs and cisterns hewn in the rock, which in an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age had satisfied the small communities of Greece, had become a pressing public question by the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the Tyrants, of whom See also:

• POLYCRATES

Polycrates of See also:

• SAMOS

Samos and See also:

• PEISISTRATUS, (605?–527 B.c.)

Peisistratus of See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens were distinguished for their See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom and enterprise in this respect . The former obtained the services of See also:

• EUPALINUS

Eupalinus, an engineer celebrated for the skill with which he had carried out the works for the water-supply of See also:

• MEGARA

Megara (see Athen . Mittheil. See also:

• XXV

xxv., L900, 23) under the direction of the See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

Tyrant Theagenes (c . 625 B.c.) . At Samos the difficulty See also:

• LAY

lay in a hill which See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose between the See also:

• TOWN

town and the water source . Through this hill Eupalinus cut a tunnel 8 ft. broad, 8 ft. high Phoenician . and 4200 ft. long, See also:

• BUILDING

building within the tunnel a channel 3 ft. broad and II ells deep . The water, flowing by an accurately reckoned declivity, and all along open to the fresh See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, was received at the lower end by a conduit of masonry, and so led into the town, where it supplied fountains, pipes, See also:

• BATHS

baths, cloacae, &c., and ultimately passed into the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour (See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod. iii . 6o) . In Athens, under the See also:

• RULE

rule of the Peisistratids (c . 56o-510 B.C.), a similarly extensive, if less difficult, See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of works was completed to bring water from the neighbouring hills to supplement the inadequate supply from the springs . From See also:

• HYMETTUS (Ital. Monte Matto, hence the modern name Trello Vouni)

Hymettus were two conduits passing under the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the Ilissus, most of the course being cut in the rock .

See also:

• PENTELICUS (Bpr.Anvvbs, or Ilevee LKOv opoc from the deme HEveiXn; mod. Mendeli)

Pentelicus, richer in water, supplied another conduit, which can still be traced from the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Chalandri by the air shafts built several feet above the ground, and at a distance apart of 13o-16o ft.; the See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter of these shafts is 4-5 ft., and the number of them still preserved is about sixty . Tributary channels conveyed into the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main stream the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district through which it passed . Outside Athens, those two conduits met in a large reservoir, from which the water was distributed by a ramification of underground channels throughout the city . These latter channels vary in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, being partly See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, partly square, and generally walled with See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone; the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief one is sufficiently large for two men to pass in it . The precise location of the reservoir depends on the value of Dr Wilhelm Dorpfeld's theory as to the site of the Enneacrunus of See also:

• THUCYDIDES (OovavMns)

Thucydides and See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias (see ATHENS: See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

Topography and Antiquity) . DSrpfeld places it See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

Acropolis, where there is a cistern connected with an aqueduct which passed under the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre of See also:

• DIONYSUS (probably = " son of Zeus," from & Os and vv(7os, a Thracian word for " son ")

Dionysus and on towards the Ilissus (see See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map under ATHENS) . Others have placed it south of the Olympieum in the Ilissus bed . Beside these works water was brought from Pentelicus in an underground conduit begun by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian and completed by See also:

• ANTONINUS, SAINT ANTONIO PIEROZZI

Antoninus See also:

• PIUS

Pius . This aqueduct is still in use, having been repaired in 1869 . In See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, the works by which See also:

• EMPEDOCLES (c. 490–430 B.C.)

Empedocles, it is said, brought the water into the town of See also:

• SELINUS (EeXsvoiis)

Selinus, are no longer visible; but it is probable that, like those of See also:

• SYRACUSE
• SYRACUSE (Gr. Mvpaaovoat; Lat. Syracusae, Ital. Siracusa)

Syracuse, they consisted chiefly of tunnels and pipes laid under the ground . Syracuse was sup-plied by two aqueducts, one of which the Athenians destroyed (Thuc. vi. See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo) . One was fed by an affluent (the mod .

Buttigliara) of the Anapus (mod . Anapo); it carried the water up to the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of Epipolae, where the channel was open, and thence down to the city and finally into the harbour . The other also ascends to the top of Epipolae, skirts the city on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, and then proceeds along the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . Its course is marked by rectangular shafts (spiragli) at the bottom of which water is still visible . An example of what appears to have been the earliest form of aqueduct in Greece was discovered in the island of See also:

• COS
• COS, or STANKO (Ital. Stanchio, Turk. Islan-keui, by corruption from Etc rav KW)

Cos beside the fountain Burinna (mod . Fountain of See also:

• HIPPOCRATES

Hippocrates) on See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Oromedon . It consists of a See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell-shaped chamber, built under-ground in the hill-See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, to receive the water of the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and keep it cool; a See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft from the top of the chamber supplied fresh air . From this reservoir the water was led by a subterranean channel, 114 ft. long and 61 ft. high . (J . M . M.) In comparing Greek and Roman aqueducts, many writers have enlarged on the greatness of the latter as an example of Roman . Roman contempt for natural obstacles, or even of Roman See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of the See also:

• LAWS

laws of nature .

Now, in the first place, the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans were not unacquainted with the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law that water finds its own level (see See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, Hist . Nat. xxxi . 57, " subit altitudinem exortus sui "), and took full See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of it in the construction of lofty fountains and the supplying of the upper floors of houses . That they built aqueducts across valleys in preference to carrying pipes underground was due simply to See also:

• ECONOMY

economy . Pipes had to be made of See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead which was weak, or of See also:

• BRONZE

bronze which was expensive; and the Romans were not sufficiently See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert in the casting of large pipes which would stand a very great pressure to employ them for the whole course of a great aqueduct . Secondly, the water was so extremely hard that it was important that the channels should be readily accessible for repair as well as for the detection of leak-age.l Moreover, as we shall see, the Roman aqueducts did not, in fact, preserve a straight Iine regardless of the configuration of the country . A striking example is the aqueduct of Nemausus (See also:

• NIMES
• NIMES, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Nemausensia)

Nimes), the springs of which are some to m. from the town, though the actual distance traversed is about 25 . Other devices, such as changing the level and then modifying the slope, and siphon arrangements of various kinds, were adopted (as in the aqueduct at See also:

• ASPENDUS (mod. Balkis Kale , or, more anciently in the native language, ESTVEDYS (whence the adjective Estvedijys on coins)

Aspendus) . Sextus See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• FRONTINUS, SEXTUS JULIUS (c. A.D. 40-103)

Frontinus, appointed See also:

• CURATOR (Lat. for " one who takes care," curare, to take care of)

curator aquarum in A.D . 97, mentions in his See also:

• TREATISE

treatise de aquaeductibus urbis Romae (on the aqueducts of the city of Rome) nine aqueducts as being in use in his time (the lengths of the aqueducts as given here follow his measurements) . These are: (I) AQUA See also:

• APPIA, VIA

APPIA, which took its rise between the 6th and 7th milestones of the Via Collatina, and measured from its source to the Porta Trigemina 11 Roman See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles, of which all but about 300 ft. were below ground . It appears to have been the first important enterprise of the kind at Rome, and was the work of the See also:

• CENSOR (from Lat. censere, assess, estimate; in Gr. rt s ris)

censor Appius See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius Caecus, from whom it derived its name .

The date of its construction was 312 B.C . (2) ANIO VETUS, constructed in 272—269 B.C. by the censor Manius Curius See also:

• DENTATUS, MANIUS CURIUS

Dentatus . From its source near See also:

• TIVOLI (anc. Tibur, q.v.)

Tivoli, on the See also:

• LEFT

left side of the Anio, it flowed some 43 m.,2 of which only 'Too ft. was above ground . At the distance of 2 M. from Rome (Frontinus, i . 21), it parted into two courses, one of which led to the horti Asiniani, and was thence distributed; while the other (rectus ductus) led by the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• SPES

Spes to the Porta Esquilina . (3) AQUA MARCIA, reconstructed in 1869-187o under the name of Acqua Pia or Marcia-Pia after Pius IX . (though from Tivoli to Rome the modern aqueduct takes an entirely different course), rising on the left side of the Via See also:

• VALERIA, VIA

Valeria near the 36th milestone . It traversed 6i 4 m., of which 544 were underground, and for the remaining distance was carried partly on substructions and partly on arches . It was the work of the See also:

• PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

praetor See also:

• QUINTUS

Quintus Marcius Rex (144-140 B.C.), not of Ancus Marcius, the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Rome, as Pliny (N.H. xxxi . 3) fancied, and took its name from its constructor . Its waters were celebrated for their coolness and excellent quality . Its See also:

• VOLUME

volume was largely increased by See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, who added to it the Aqua See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta; and it was repaired and restored by See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus; Septimus See also:

• SEVERUS
• SEVERUS, SULPICIUS (c. 363–c. 425)

Severus, See also:

• CARACALLA (or CARACALLUS), MARCUS A U R E L I U S ANTONINUS (186-217)

Caracalla and See also:

• DIOCLETIAN (GAIUs AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS) (A.D. 245–313)
• DIOCLETIAN, EDICT OF (De Pretiis rerum venalium)

Diocletian .

(4) AQUA TEPULA, from its source (now known as Sorgente Preziosa) in the district of See also:

• TUSCULUM

Tusculum, to Rome, was some 11 m. in length . The first portion of its course must have been almost entirely subterranean and is not now traceable . For the last 62 m. it ran on the same series of arches that carried the Aqua Marcia, but at a higher level . It was the work of the censors Cn . Servilius See also:

• CAEPIO, QUINTUS SERVILIUS

Caepio and L . See also:

• CASSIUS
• CASSIUS, AVIDIUS (d. A.D. 175)
• CASSIUS, GAIUS

Cassius See also:

• LONGINUS, CASSIUS (c. A.D. 213-273)

Longinus, and was completed in the See also:

• YEAR

year 125 B.C . Its water is warm (about 63 Fahr.) and not of the best quality . (5) The AQUA JULIA, from a source 2 M. from that of the Tepula, joined its course at the xoth milestone of the Via See also:

• LATINA, VIA

Latina . The combined stream, after a distance of 4 m., was received in a reservoir, and then once more divided into two channels . The entire length of the Julia was 151 m . It was constructed in the year 33 B.C. by M . Vipsanius See also:

• AGRIPPA
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, I
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, II
• AGRIPPA, MARCUS VIPSANIUS

Agrippa, who also built the (6) AQUA See also:

• VIRGO (" the Virgin ")

VIRGO which, from its origin at a copious spring in a See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh on the Via Collatina, measured 14 M. in length; it was conveyed in a channel, partly under and partly above ground .

It was begun in the year 33 B.C. and was celebrated for the excellence of its waters . It was restored to use by Pius V. in 1570 . (7) AQUA ALSIETINA Or AUGUSTA, the source of which is the Lacus Alsietinus (mod . Lago di Martignano), to the north of Rome, was over 22 M. in length, of which 358 paces were on arches . It was the work of Augustus, probably with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of furnishing water for his naumachia (a basin for sham See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-fights), and not for drinking purposes . Its course is 1 There have been found at Caerwent, in See also:

• MONMOUTHSHIRE

Monmouthshire, clear traces of wooden pipes (See also:

• INTERNAL

internal diameter about 2 in.) which must have carried drinking-water, and almost certainly a pressure supply from the surrounding hills . Some patches of lead also have been found obviously nailed on to the pipes at points where they had burst (see Archaeologia, 1908) . 2 This distance will not agree with the length given on some of the cippi (Lanciani, See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull . See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

Corn., 1899, 38) . unknown, as no remains of it exist, but an inscription See also:

• RELATING

relating to it is given in Notizie d . Scavi (1887), p . 182 .

(8, 9) The AQUA CLAUDIA and ANIO Novus were two aqueducts begun by Caligula in A.D . 38 and completed by Claudius in A.D . 52 . The springs of the former belonged to the same See also:

• GROUP

group as those of the Marc* and were situated near the 38th milestone of the Via Sublacensis, not far from its divergence from the Via Valeria, while the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original intake of the latter from the See also:

• RIVER

river Anio was 4 M. farther along the same road . As the water was thick it was collected in a purifying tank, and 4 M. below, a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch stream, the Rivus Herculaneus, was added to it . According to Frontinus, over to m. of the course of the Claudia and nearly 92 of that of the Anio Novus were above ground . Seven miles out of Rome they See also:

• UNITED

united and ran from that point into Rome, following a natural See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus formed by a See also:

• LAVA

lava stream from the See also:

• ALBAN, SAINT

Alban See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano, upon a line of arches, which still forms one of the most conspicuous features of the Campagna . The original inscription of Claudius (A.D . 52) on the Porta See also:

• MAGGIORE, LAGO (Lacus Verbanus of the Romans; Fr. Lac Majeur; Ger. Langensee)

Maggiore, by which the Aqua Claudia and Anio Novus crossed the Via See also:

• PRAENESTINA, VIA

Praenestina and the Via See also:

• LABICANA, VIA

Labicana, gives the length of the Aqua Claudia as 45 m., and that of the Anio Novus as 62 m . Frontinus, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, gives 46.4o6 m . (i.e. about 43 See also:

• ENGLISH

English miles) and 58.700 m . (i.e. about 54 English miles) .

Albertini (Melangesdel'EcoleFrancaise, 1906, 305) explains the difference as due to the fact that Frontinus was calculating the length of the Claudia from the farthest spring, the Fons Albudinus, and that of the Anio Novus from the new intake constructed by See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan in one of the three lakes constructed by See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero for the adornment of his See also:

• VILLA

villa above See also:

• SUBIACO (anc. Sublaqueum)

Subiaco . Two other See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions on the Porta Maggiore See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record restorations by See also:

• VESPASIAN

Vespasian in A.D . 70, and by Titus in A.D . 80 . That the aqueducts should be spoken of as vetustate dila psi so soon after their construction is not a little surprising, and may be attributed either to hasty construction in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to complete them by a fixed date, or to jobbery by the imperial freedmen who under Claudius were especially powerful, or to the fact that a line of arches intended originally in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability for the Aqua Claudia alone was made to carry the Anio Novus as well . The See also:

• SIZE

size of the channels (specus) of the principal aqueducts varies considerably at different points of their course . The Anio Novus has the largest of them all, measuring 3 to 4 ft. wide and 9 ft. high to the top of the roof, which is pointed . They are lined with hard See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement (See also:

• OPUS ('O7rois)

opus signinum) containing fragments of broken See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick . Those aqueducts of which the most conspicuous remains exist in the neighbourhood of Rome are the four from the upper valley of the Anio, the two which took their supply and their name from the river itself, and the Marcia and the Claudia, which originated from the same group of springs, in the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of the Anio valley 6 m. below Subiaco . Those of the Anio Vetus, which travelled at a considerably lower level than the other three, are the least conspicuous, while the Claudia and Anio Novus as a rule kept See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close together, the latter at the highest level of all . The ruins of See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges and substructions iri the Anio valley down to Tivoli, though comparatively little known, are of great importance . In all the aqueducts the original construction of the bridges was in opus quadratum (masonry), while the substructions are in brick-faced See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete; but the bridges are as a rule strengthened (and often several times) with See also:

• REIN

rein-forcing walls of concrete faced with opus reticulatum or. brick-work .

Below Tivoli, where the Anio leaves its narrow valley, the aqueducts sweep round towards the Alban hills, and pass through some very difficult country between Tivoli and Gallicano, alternately See also:

• CROSSING

crossing ravines, some of which are as much as 300 ft. deep, and tunnelling through hills.' The engineering skill displayed is remarkable, and one wonders what See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments were employed—probably the so-called chorobates, an improvement upon the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary water-level (See also:

• VITRUVIUS (MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO)

Vitruvius viii . 6), though this would be slow and complicated . The See also:

• OPTICAL

optical properties of See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass lenses were, however, unknown to ' The course of the Aqua Claudia was considerably shortened by the cutting of a tunnel 3 M. long under the See also:

• MONTE

Monte Affliano in the time of See also:

• DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian (T . See also:

• ASHBY, TURNER (1824-1862)

Ashby, in Papers of the See also:

• BRITISH

British School at Rome, iii, 133).the ancients, and the dioptra, or See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle measure, was considered by Vitruvius less trustworthy than the chorobates for the planning of aqueducts (cf . E . Hultsch, s.v. in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie) . The aqueducts as a rule were carried on See also:

• SEPARATE

separate bridges, though all four united at the See also:

• PONTE (Ital. for " bridge ")

Ponte Lupo, a huge structure, which after the addition of all the four, and with the inclusion of all the later strengthening walls that were found necessary in course of time, See also:

• MEASURES

measures 105 ft. in height, 5o8 in length, and 46 in thickness at the bottom, without including the buttresses . From Gallicano onwards the course of these four aqueducts follows the lower slopes of the Alban Hills . Previous writers on the subject have been unable to determine their course, which is largely subterranean; but it can be followed step by step with the indications given by the presence of the calcareous See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit which was thrown out at the putei or shafts (which were, as a rule, placed at intervals of 240 ft., as were the cippi) when the specus was cleaned; and remains of bridges, though less important, owing to the less difficult See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the country, are not entirely absent (cf. the works by T . Ashby cited in bibliography) ? Near the 7th milestone of the Via Latina at Le Capanelle, the Aqua Claudia and Anio Novus emerge from their underground course, and run into Rome upon the long series of arches already mentioned, passing over the Porta Maggiore . The Claudia sent off an important branch from the Porta Maggiore over the Caelian to the See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine, but the main aqueduct soon reached its termination .

A mile farther on the Aqua Marcia also, owing to the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual slope of the ground towards Rome, begins to be supported on arches, which were also used to carry the Aqua Tepula and the Aqua Julia (of the two latter, before their junction with the Marcia, no remains exist above ground, but inscribed cippi of the last named and its underground channel have been found at Le Capanelle, and cippi also close to its springs, which are a little way above See also:

• GROTTAFERRATA

Grottaferrata at Gli Squarciarelli) . The Anio Vetus followed the same line, but kept underground (as was natural at the early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period at which it was constructed) until the immediate neighbourhood of Rome, near the locality known as "ad Spem veterem " (from a temple of Spes, of which no remains are known) close to the Porta Maggiore . At this point, besides the aqueducts named, the Aqua Appia, as we are told by Frontinus, entered the city, and received an important branch, the Appia Augusta . No remains of either have been discovered outside the city . The Aqua Alexandrina must also have entered the city here, though its channel, which lay at some See also:

• DEPTH

depth below ground, has not been discovered . Considerable remains of its brick aqueducts exist in the district between the Via Praenestina and the Via Labicana . Of the two aqueducts on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• TIBER (anc. Tiberis; Ital. Tevere)

Tiber, the Alsietina, as we have said, has no remains at all, while those of the Traiana are not of great importance . The line of the aqueducts was marked by cippi, inscribed (in the case of the Anio Vetus, Marcia, .Tepula, Julia and Virgo—those of the Claudia and Anio Novus are uninscribed, and those of the Traiana are differently worded) with the name of the aqueduct, the distance from the next See also:

• CIPPUS (Lat. for a " post " or " stake ")

cippus (generally 240 ft.) and the number, counting from Rome (not from the springs) . These boundary stones were erected in pairs, to See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark off the See also:

• STRIP

strip of See also:

• LAND

land 30 ft. in width reserved for the aqueduct, and for the road or path which generally followed it . The shafts (putei) often stood, but not necessarily, at the same points as the cippi . To these nine must be added the two following, constructed after Frontinus's time: (1o) AQUA TRAIANA, from springs to the north-west of the Lacus Sabatinus (Lago di See also:

• BRACCIANO

Bracciano), constructed by Trajan in A.D . 109, about 362 English miles in length .

It was restored by See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul V. in 1611, who made use of and largely transformed the remains of the ancient aqueduct; he allowed some of the inferior water of the lake to flow into the channel, and it is thus no longer used for drinking . (II) AQUA ALEXANDRINA, 2 About 3 M. south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of this point the presence of large quantities of deposit and a sudden fall in the level of the channels seems to indicate the existence of settling tanks, of which no actual traces can be seen . rising about 14 English miles from Rome, between the Via Praenestina and the Via Labicana, the work of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander Severus (A.D . 226) . The springs now supply the modern Acqua Felice, constructed by See also:

• SIXTUS

Sixtus V. in 1585, but the course of the latter is mainly subterranean and not identical with that of the former . It is agreed that these eleven are all that were constructed . See also:

• PROCOPIUS

Procopius speaks of fourteen (and the Regionary catalogues mention others), but this number includes branch conduits . All the aqueducts ended in the city in huge castella or reservoirs for the purpose of See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution . Vitruvius recommends the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of these into three parts—one for the supply of fountains, &c,, one for the public baths and one for private consumers . In the Piazza See also:

• VITTORIO

Vittorio Emmanuele at Rome there are still to be seen the remains of a large ornamental fountain built probably for the Aqua Julia by Domitian or Alexander Severus (See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan-Hulsen, 7'opographie, i . 3350) . Besides these main castella there were also many minor castella in various parts of the city for sub-distribution .

To allow the water to purify itself before being distributed in the city, filtering and settling tanks (piscinae limariae) were built outside the walls . These piscinae were covered in with a vaulted roof, and were sometimes on a very large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, as in the example still preserved at See also:

• FERMO (anc. 1%irmum Picenum)

Fermo, which consists of two stories, each having three oblong basins communicating with each other; or the See also:

• PISCINA

Piscina Mirabilis at Baiae, which is covered in by a vaulted roof, supported on See also:

• FORTY

forty-eight pillars and perforated to permit the See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape of foul air . Two stairs lead by forty steps to the bottom of the reservoir . In the middle of the basin is a sinking to collect the deposit of the water . The walls and pillars are coated with a See also:

• STUCCO (Ital. stucco, adapted from O.H.G. stucchi, crust, piece, patch, Ger. Stuck, piece, allied to stock)

stucco so hard as to resist a See also:

• TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

tool . The oversight of aqueducts was placed, in the times of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, under the aediles, who were not, however, the constructors of them; of the four aqueducts built during this period, three are the work of censors, one (the Marcia) of a praetor . Under the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire this task devolved on See also:

• SPECIAL

special officials styled Curatores Aquarum, instituted by Augustus, who, as he himself says, " ri 'os aquarum omnium refecit " (inscription on the See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch by which the Aqua Marcia crossed the Via See also:

• TIBURTINA, VIA

Tiburtina) . (T . As.) Among the aqueducts outside See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, constructed in Roman times and existing still, the most remarkable are: (1) the aqueduct at Nimes (Nemausus), erected probably by Vipsanius Agrippa in the time of Augustus, which rose to 16o ft . The See also:

• PONT (or KYLPONT), ROBERT (1524–1606)

Pont du See also:

• GARD

Gard, as this aqueduct is now called, consists of three tiers of arches across the valley of the river Gardon . In the lowest tier are six arches, of which one has a span of 75 ft., the others each 6o ft . In the second tier are eleven arches, each with a span of 75 ft .

In the third tier are See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-five smaller arches which carried the specus . As a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, the Pont du Gard has no See also:

• RIVAL

rival for lightness and boldness of See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design among the existing remains of works of this class carried out in Roman times . (2) The aqueduct bridges at See also:

• SEGOVIA

Segovia (Merckel, Ingenieurtechnik, pp . 566-568), See also:

• TARRAGONA
• TARRAGONA (anc. Tarraco)

Tarragona (ibid . 56; 566), and See also:

• MERIDA
• MERIDA (anc. Augusta Emerita, capital of Lusitania)

Merida in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, the former being 2400 ft. long, with 109 arches of See also:

• FINE

fine masonry, in two tiers, and reaching the height of 102 ft . The bridge at Tarragona is 876 ft. long and 83 ft. high . (3) At See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz are the ruins of an aqueduct 7000 yds. long, about See also:

• HALF

half of which is carried on from 500 to 600 pillars (Archaeological See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal, xlvii., 1890, pp . 211-214) . This aqueduct was built by the XIVth See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion and was for the use of the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp, not for the t