ARABIA  , a See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of See also:

• ASIA

Asia, lying between 340 30' and 12° 45' N., and 32° 30' and 6o° E., is bounded W. by the Red See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, S. by the Gulf of See also:

• ADEN

Aden and the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Ocean, and E. by the Gulf of See also:

• OMAN

Oman and the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian Gulf . Its See also:

• NORTHERN

northern or See also:

• LAND

land boundary is more difficult to define; most authorities, however, agree in taking it from El Arish on the Mediterranean, along the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern border of See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine, between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of See also:

• AKABA, GULF OF

Akaba, then bending northwards along the Syrian border nearly to Tadmur, thence eastwards to the edge of the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates valley near See also:

• ANAH

Anah, and thence south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east to the mouth of the Shat el Arab at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Persian Gulf,—the boundary so defined includes the northern See also:

• DESERT

desert, which belongs geographically to Arabia rather than to See also:

• SYRIA

Syria; while on the same grounds See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia and See also:

• IRAK

Irak, although occupied by an Arab See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, are excluded . In shape, the peninsula forms a rough trapezium, with its greatest length from See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-west to south-east . The length of its western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side from See also:

• PORT

Port Said to Aden is 1500 m.; its See also:

• BASE

base from the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb (or Bab al Mandab) to See also:

• RAS

Ras el Had is 1300 m., its northern side from Port Said to the Euphrates 600 m.; its See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area approximately 1,200,000 sq. m . See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

GEOGRAPHY See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Features.—In general terms Arabia may be described as a See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau sloping gently from south-west to north-east, and attaining its greatest See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation in the extreme south-west . The western escarpment of the plateau rises steeply from the Red Sea littoral to a height of from 4000 to 8000 ft„ leaving a narrow See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland rarely exceeding 30 M. in width between the See also:

• SHORE

shore and the See also:

• FOOT

foot-hills . On the north-east and east the plateau shelves gradually to the Euphrates and the Persian Gulf; only in the extreme east is this general easterly slope arrested by the lofty range of See also:

• JEBEL (plur. jibed)

Jebel Akhdar, which from Ras Musandan to Ras el Had See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of Oman . Its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief characteristic is the bareness and aridity of its See also:

• SURFACE

surface; one-third of the whole desert, and of the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder only a small proportion is suited to settled See also:

• LIFE

life, owing to its scanty See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply and uncertain rainfall . Its mountains are in-sufficient in elevation and extent to attract their full See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of the See also:

• MONSOON
• MONSOON (Arabic Mausim, season)

monsoon rains, which fall so abundantly on the Abyssinian See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands on the other side of the Red Sea; for this See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason Arabia has neither lakes nor forests to See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control the water-supply and prevent its too rapid dissipation, and the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers are See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere torrent beds sweeping down occasionally in heavy floods, but otherwise dry . The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country falls naturally into three See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main divisions, a northern, a central and a southern; the first includes the area between the See also:

• MIDIAN (properly Madyan, so Sept.)

Midian coast on the west and the head of the Persian Gulf on the east, a desert See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract throughout, stony in the north, sandy in the south, but furnishing at certain seasons excellent pasturage; its population is almost entirely See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad and See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral . The central See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone includes See also:

• HEJAZ (H1JAz)

Hejaz (or Hijaz), See also:

• NEJD

Nejd and El See also:

• HASA, EL (Ahsa, Al Hasa)

Hasa; much of it is a dry, stony or sandy See also:

• STEPPE (from the Russ. stepi, a waste)

steppe, with few See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells or watering-places, and only occupied by nomad tribes; but the See also:

• GREAT

great wadis which intersect it contain many fertile stretches of alluvial See also:

• SOIL

soil, where cultivation is possible and which support a considerable settled population, with several large towns and numerous villages . The third or southern See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division contains the highland plateaus of See also:

• ASIR

Asir and See also:

• YEMEN (Yaman)

Yemen in the west, and J .

Akhdar in the east, which with a temperate See also:

• CLIMATE

climate, due to their great elevation and their proximity to the sea, deserve, if any See also:

• PART

part of Arabia does, the name of Arabia See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix—the population is settled and agricultural, and the soil, wherever the rainfall is sufficient, is productive . The Batina coast of Oman, irrigated by the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain streams of J . Akhdar, is perhaps the most fertile See also:

• DISTRICT

district in the peninsula; See also:

• HADRAMUT

Hadramut, too, contains many large and prosperous villages, and the torrents from the Yemen highlands fertilize several oases in the Tehama (or Tihama) or lowlands of the western and southern coast . These favourable conditions of soil and climate, however, extend only a comparatively See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance into the interior, by far the larger part of which is covered bythe great southern desert, the Dahna, or Ruba el Khali, empty as its name implies, and uninhabitable . Exploration.—Before entering on a detailed description of the several provinces of Arabia, our See also:

• SOURCES

sources of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information will be briefly indicated . Except in the neighbourhood of Aden, no See also:

• REGULAR

regular surveys exist, and professional See also:

• WORK

work is limited to the marine surveys of the Indian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and the See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty, which, while laying down the coast See also:

• LINE

line with See also:

• FAIR

fair accuracy, give little or no topographical information inland . For the mapping of the whole vast interior, except in rare cases, no data exist beyond the itineraries of explorers, travelling_as a See also:

• RULE

rule under conditions which precluded the use of even the simplest See also:

• SURVEYING

surveying See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments . These journeys, naturally following the most frequented routes, often See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the same ground, while immense tracts, owing to their difficulty of See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access, remain unvisited by any See also:

• EUROPEAN

European . The region most thoroughly explored is Yemen, in the south-west corner of the peninsula, where the labours of a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of travellers from See also:

• NIEBUHR, BARTHOLD GEORG (1776–1831)
• NIEBUHR, KARSTEN (1733-1815)

Niebuhr in 1761 to E . See also:

• GLASER, CHRISTOPHER

Glaser and R . See also:

• MANZONI, ALESSANDRO FRANCESCO TOMMASO ANTONIO (1785-1873)

Manzoni in 1887 have led to a fairly See also:

• COMPLETE

complete knowledge of all that part of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province west of the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital See also:

• SANA (Send'a)

Sana; while in 1902–1904 the operations of the Anglo-See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish boundary See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission permitted the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of a systematic topographical survey of the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate from the Red Sea to the See also:

• WADI

Wadi Bana, 30 M. east of Aden . North of Yemen up to the Hejaz border the only authority is that of E .

F . Jomard's See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map, published in 1839, based on the information given by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• OFFICERS

officers employed with See also:

• IBRAHIM

Ibrahim See also:

• PASHA

Pasha's See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in Asir from 1824 to 1827, and of J . See also:

• HALEVY, JACQUES FRANCOIS FROMENTAL ELIE (1799-. 1862)
• HALEVY, LUDOVIC (1834-1908)

Halevy in Nejran . On the south coast expeditions have penetrated but a short distance, the most notable exceptions being those of L . See also:

• HIRSCH, MAURICE DE, BARON HIRSCH AUF GEREUTH
• HIRSCH, SAMSON RAPHAEL (r8o8-1888)

Hirsch and J . T . See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

Bent in 1887 to the Hadramut valley . S . B . See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles, J . R . Wellsted, and S .

M . Zwemer have explored Oman in the extreme east; but the interior south of a line See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from Taif to El Katr on the Persian Gulf is still virgin ground . In northern Arabia the Syrian desert and the great Nafud (Nefud) have been crossed by several travellers, though a large area remains unexplored in the north-east between Kasim and the gulf . In the centre, the journeys of W . See also:

• PALGRAVE, FRANCIS TURNER (1824-1897)
• PALGRAVE, SIR FRANCIS (1788-1861)

Palgrave, C . Doughty, W . See also:

• BLUNT, JOHN HENRY (1823–1884)
• BLUNT, JOHN JAMES (1794–1855)
• BLUNT, WILFRID SCAWEN (184o— )

Blunt and C . See also:

• HUBER, FRANCOIS (1750-1831)
• HUBER, JOHANN NEPOMUK (1830-1879)
• HUBER, LUDWIG FERDINAND (1764–1804)

Huber have done much to elucidate the main See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical' features of the country . Lastly, in the north-west the See also:

• SINAI

Sinai peninsula has been thoroughly explored, and the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of travellers who have visited the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Cities and. traversed the main See also:

• PILGRIM

pilgrim routes through Hejaz is a fairly See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long one, though, owing to the difficulties See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to that region, the See also:

• HYDROGRAPHY (.Gr. 6&,p, water, and cypfidiecv, to write)

hydrography of southern Hejaz is still incompletely known . The See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of See also:

• MODERN

modern exploration begins with the despatch of C . Niebuhr's See also:

• MISSION

mission by the Danish government in 1761: After a See also:

• YEAR

year spent in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and the Sinai peninsula Modern the party reached See also:

• JIDDA (also written JEDDAH, DJIDDAH, DJEDDEH)

Jidda towards the end of 1762, and Exp;oraafter a short stay sailed on to Lohaia in the north of in Yemen, the exploration of which formed the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal Yemen. See also:

• OBJECT

object of the expedition; thence, travelling through the Tehama or lowlands, Niebuhr and his companions visited the towns of See also:

• BET

Bet el Fakih, Zubed and See also:

• MOKHA (Mocha, properly Makha)

Mokha, then the great port for the See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of Yemen . Continuing eastward they crossed the mountainous region and reached the highlands of Yemen at Uden, a small See also:

• TOWN

town and the centre of a district celebrated for its coffee .

Thence proceeding eastwards to higher altitudes where coffee plantations give way to See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields of See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, they reached the town of Jibla situated among a See also:

• GROUP

group of mountains exceeding 10,000 ft. above sea-level; and turning southwards* to Taiz descended again to the Tehama via Hes and Zubed to Mokha . The mission, reduced in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers by the See also:

• DEATH

death of its archaeologist, von Haven, again visited Taiz in See also:

• JUNE

June 1763, where after some delay permission was obtained to visit Sana, the capital of the province and the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the ruling See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign or See also:

• IMAM

imam . The route See also:

• LAY

lay by Jibla, passing the foot of the lofty Jebel Sorak, where, in spite of illness, See also:

• FORSKAL, PETER (1736-1763)

Forskal, the botanist of the party, was able to make a last excursion; a few days later he died at Yarim . The mission continued its See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march, passing Dhamar, the seat of a university of the Zedi See also:

• SECT

sect, then frequented by Soo students . Thence four See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches, generally over a stony plateau dominated by See also:

• BARE

bare, sterile mountains, brought them to Sana, where they received a cordial welcome from the imam, el See also:

• MANDI

Mandi Abbas . The aspect of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city must have been nearly the same as at See also:

• PRESENT

present; Niebuhr describes the See also:

• ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte flanked by towers, the citadel at the foot of J . Nukum which rises r000 ft. above the valley, the fortress and See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the imams, now replaced by the Turkish military See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, the suburb of Bir el Azab with its scattered houses and gardens, the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews' See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter and the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Rauda, a few miles to the north in a fertile, irrigated See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain which Niebuhr compares to that of See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus . After a stay of ten days at Sana the mission set out again for Mokha, travel-See also:

• LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

ling by what is now the main route from the capital to See also:

• HODEDA (Hodeida, Hadeda)

Hodeda, through the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich coffee-bearing district of J . Haraz, and thence southward to Mokha, where they embarked for See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . During the next year three other members of the party died, leaving Niebuhr the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole survivor . Returning to Arabia a year later, he visited Oman and the shores of the Persian Gulf, and travelling from See also:

• BASRA (written also BUSRA, BASSORA and BASSORA)

Basra through Syria and Palestine he reached See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark in 1764 after four years' See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence . The See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period was perhaps specially favourable for a scientific mission of the sort .

The outburst of fanaticism which convulsed Arabia twenty years later had not then reached Yemen, and Europeans, as such, were not exposed to any See also:

• SPECIAL

special danger . The travellers were thus able to move freely and to pursue their scientific enquiries without hindrance from either See also:

• PEOPLE

people or ruler . The results published in 1772 gave for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time a comprehensive description not only of Yemen but of all Arabia; while the parts actually visited by Niebuhr were described with a fulness and accuracy of detail which See also:

• LEFT

left little or nothing for his successors to discover . C . G . See also:

• EHRENBERG, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED (1795-1876)

Ehrenberg and W . F . Hemprich in 1825 visited the Tehama and the islands off the coast, and in 1836 P . E . See also:

• BOTTA, CARLO GIUSEPPE GUGLIELMO (1766–1837)

Botta Asir. made an important See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey in southern Yemen with a view to botanical See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, but the next advance in See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical knowledge in south Arabia was due to the French officers, M . O . Tamisier, Chedufau and See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, belonging to the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian army in Asir; another Frenchman, L .

See also:

• ARNAUD, HENRI (1641-1721)

Arnaud, formerly in the Egyptian service, was the first to visit the southern Jauf and to See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report on the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-cut See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions and ruins of Marib, though it was not till 1869 that a competent archaeologist, J . Halevy, was able to carry out any See also:

• MARIANA, JUAN DE (1536-1624)

Mariana See also:

• MARIO, GIUSEPPE, COUNT OF CANDIA (1810-1883)

Mario. complete exploration there . Starting from Sana, Halevy went north-eastward to El Madid, a town of 5000 inhabitants and the capital of the small district of Nihm; thence See also:

• CROSSING

crossing a plateau, where he saw the ruins of numerous crenellated towers, he reached the village of Mijzar at the foot of J . See also:

• YAM

Yam, on the borders of Jauf, a vast sandy plain, extending eastwards to El Jail and El Hazm, where Halevy made his most important discoveries of Sabaean inscriptions: here he explored Main, the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient capital of the Minaeans, Kamna on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the W . Kharid, the ancient Caminacum, and Kharibat el Beda, the Nesca of See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, where the Sabaean army was defeated by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans under Aelius See also:

• GALLUS, C
• GALLUS, CORNELIUS (c. 70-26 B.C.)
• GALLUS, GAIUS AELIUS
• GALLUS, GAIUS CESTIUS
• GALLUS, GAIUS SULPICIUS

Gallus in 24 B.C . From El Jail Halevy travelled northward, passing the See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

oasis of Khab, and skirting the great desert, reached the fertile district of Nejran, where he found a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of Jews, with whom he spent several See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks in the oasis of Makhlaf . An See also:

• HOUR

hour's march to the east he discovered at the village of Medinat el Mahud the ruins of the Nagra See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis of See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy . In June 187o he at last reached the See also:

• GOAL

goal of his journey, Marib; here he explored the ruins of Medinat an Nahas (so called from its numerous inscriptions engraved on See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass plates), and two See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours to the east he found the famous See also:

• DAM

dam constructed by the Himyarites across the W . Shibwan, on which the water-supply of their capital depended . One other explorer has since visited Marib, the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian archaeologist, E . Glaser (1855-1998), who achieved more for See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science in Yemen than any traveller since Niebuhr . Under Turkish See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, he visited the territory of the Hashid and Bakil tribes north-east of Sana, and though their hostile attitude compelled him to return after reaching their first important town, Khamr, he had time to reconnoitre the plateau lyingbetween the two great wadis Kharid and Hirran, formerly covered with Himyaritic towns and villages; and to trace the course of these wadis to their junction at El Ish in the Dhu Husen country, and thence onward to the Jauf .

In 1889 he succeeded, again under Turkish escort, in reaching Marib, where he obtained, during a stay of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty days, a large number of new Himyaritic inscriptions . He was unable, however, to proceed farther east than his predecessors, and the problem of the Jauf drainage and its possible connexion with the upper part of the Hadramut valley still remains unsolved . The earliest See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to penetrate into the interior from the south coast was made in 1835 when Lieuts . C . Cruttenden and J . R . Wellsted of the " Palinurus," employed on the marine survey of the Arabian coast, visited the ruins Explora- See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion In of Nakb (el Hajar) in the W . Mefat . The Himyaritic Hadramut. inscriptions found there and at Husn Ghurab near Mukalla, were the first records discovered of ancient Arabian See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization in Hadramut . Neither of these officers was able to follow up their discoveries, but in 1843 Adolph von See also:

• WREDE, KARL

Wrede landed at Mukalla and, adopting the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of a pilgrim to the See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine of the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet Hud, made his way northward across the high plateau into the W . Duwan, one of the main southern tributaries of the Hadramut valley, and pushed on to the edge of the great southern desert; on his return to the W . Duwan his disguise was detected and he was obliged to return to Mukalla .

Though he did not actually enter the main Hadramut valley, which lay to the east of his track, his journey established the existence of this populous and fertile district which had been reported to the officers of the " Palinurus " as lying between the coast range and the great desert to the north . This was at last visited in 1893 by L . Hirsch under the protection of the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of Mukalla, the head of the Kaiti See also:

• FAMILY

family, and practically ruler of all Hadramut, with the exception of the towns of Saiyun and See also:

• TARIM

Tarim, which belong to the Kathiri tribe . Starting like von Wrede from Mukalla, Hirsch first visited the W . Duwan and found ancient ruins and inscriptions near the village of Hajren; thence he proceeded north-eastward to Hauta in the main valley, where he was hospitably received by the Kaiti sultan, and sent on to his See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy at Shibam . Here he procured a Kathiri escort and pushed on through Saiyun to Tarim, the former capital . After a very brief stay, however, he was compelled by the hostility of the people to return in haste to Shibam, from which he travelled by the W. See also:

• BIN

bin See also:

• ALI

Ali and W . Adim back to Mukalla . J . See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore Bent and his wife followed in the same track a few months later with a well-equipped party including a surveyor, Imam Sharif, See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent by the Indian government, who made a very valuable survey of the country passed through . Both parties visited many sites where Himyaritic remains and inscriptions were found, but the hostile attitude of the natives, more particularly of the Seyyids, the religious See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy of Hadramut, prevented any adequate examination, and much of archaeological See also:

• INTEREST

interest undoubtedly remains for future travellers to discover . In Oman, where the conditions are more favourable, explorers have penetrated only a short distance from the coast .

Niebuhr did not go inland from See also:

• MUSCAT, MUSKAT

Muscat; the operations by a British Indian force on the Pirate coast in 1810 gave BxpinIn ora• tio no opportunities for visiting the interior, and it was Oman, not till 1835 that J . R . Wellsted, who had already tried to penetrate into Hadramut from the south, landed at Muscat with the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of reaching it from the north-east . Sailing thence to Sur near Ras el Had, he travelled southward through the country of the Bani bu Ali to the borders of the desert, then turning north-west up the Wadi Betha through a fertile, well-watered country, See also:

• RUNNING

running up to the southern slopes of J . Akhdar, inhabited by a friendly people who seem to have welcomed him everywhere, he visited Ibra, Semed and Nizwa at the southern foot of the mountains . Owing to the disturbed See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the country, due to the presence of raiding parties from Nejd, Wellsted was unable to carry out his See also:

• ORIGINAL

original intention of exploring the country to the west, and after an excursion along the Batina coast to Sohar he returned to India . In 1876 See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel S . B . Miles, who had already done much to advance geographical interests in south Arabia, continued Wellsted's work in Oman; starting from Sohar on the Batina coast he crossed the dividing range into the Dhahira, and reached Birema, one of its principal oases . His investigations show that the Dhahira contains many settlements, with an industrious agricultural population, and that the unexplored tract extending 250 M. west to the peninsula of El Katr is a desolate gravelly steppe, shelving gradually down to the See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt marshes which border the shores of the gulf . Leaving southern Arabia, we now come to the centre and north . The first explorer to enter the sacred Hejaz with a definite scientific object was the Spaniard, Badia y ExPI°ra- Leblich, who, under the name of Ali See also:

• BEY (a modern Turk. word, the older form being beg, cf. Pers. baig)

Bey and daiming Hon la to be the last representative of the Abbasid Caliphs, He/He/as .

arrived at Jidda in 18o7, and performed the See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage to See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca . Besides giving to the See also:

• WORLD

world the first accurate descrip-, tion of the holy city and the Haj ceremonies, he was the first to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the position of Mecca by astronomical observations, and to describe the physical character of its surroundings . But the true See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer of exploration in Hejaz was J . L . See also:

• BURCKHARDT, JAKOB (1818–1897)
• BURCKHARDT, JOHN LEWIS [JOHANN LUDWIG] (1784-1817)

Burckhardt, who had already won a reputation as the discoverer of See also:

• PETRA (r)

Petra, and whose experience of travel in Arab lands and knowledge of Arab life qualified him to pass as a Moslem, even in the headquarters of See also:

• ISLAM

Islam . Burckhardt landed in Jidda in See also:

• JULY

July 1814, when Mehemet Ali had already driven the WahMbi invaders out of Hejaz, and was preparing for his farther advance against their stronghold in Nejd . He first visited Taif at the invitation of the pasha, thence he proceeded to Mecca, where he spent three months studying every detail of the See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography of the holy places, and going through all the ceremonies See also:

• INCUMBENT (from Lat. incumbere, to lean, lie upon)

incumbent on a Moslem pilgrim . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1815 he travelled to See also:

• MEDINA
• MEDINA, JOSE TORIBIO (1852- )

Medina by the western or coast route, and arrived there safely but broken in See also:

• HEALTH

health by the hardships of the journey . His illness did not, however, prevent his seeing and recording everything of interest in Medina with the same care as at Mecca, though it compelled him to cut short the further journey he had proposed to himself, and to return by Yambu and the sea to See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo, where he died only two years later . His striking successor, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton, covered nearly the same ground thirty-eight years afterwards . He, too, travelling as a Moslem pilgrim, noted the whole See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual of the pilgrimage with the same keen observation as Burckhardt, and while amplifying somewhat the latter's description of Medina, confirms the accuracy of his work there and at Mecca in almost every detail . Burton's topographical descriptions are See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller, and his march to Mecca from Medina by the eastern route led him over ground not traversed by any other explorer in Hejaz: this route leads at first south-east from Medina, and then south across the See also:

• LAVA

lava beds of the Harra, keeping throughout its length on the high plateau which forms the borderland between Hejaz and Nejd .

His original intention had been after visiting Mecca to find his way across the peninsula to Oman, but the time at his disposal (as an Indian officer on leave) was insufficient for so extended a journey; and his further contributions to Arabian geography were not made until twenty-five years later, when he was deputed by the Egyptian government to examine the reported See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold deposits of Midian . Traces of ancient workings were found in several places, but the ores did not contain gold in paying quantities . Interesting archaeological discoveries were made, and a valuable topographical survey was carried out, covering the whole Midian coast from the head of the Gulf of Akaba to the mouth of the Wadi Hamd, and including both the Tehama range and the Hisma valley behind it; while the importance of the W . Hamd and the extent of the area drained by its tributaries was for the first time brought to See also:

• LIGHT

light . Burckhardt had hoped in 1815 that the advance of the Egyptian expedition would have given him the opportunity to see something of Nejd, but he had already left BxPi°ra- Arabia before the overthrow of the Wahhabi See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power ° in Ne/a. by Ibrahim Pasha had opened Nejd to travellers from Hejaz, and though several European officers accompanied the expedition, none of them left any See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of his experience . It is, however, to the Egyptian See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest that. the first visit of a British traveller to Nejd is due . The Indian government, wishing to enter into relations with Ibrahim Pasha, as de facto ruler of Nejd and El Hasa; with a view to putting down piracy in the Persian Gulf, which was seriously affecting Indian trade, sent a small mission under See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain G . F . Sadlier to congratulate the pasha on the success of the Egyptian arms, and no doubt with the ulterior object of obtaining a first-See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand report on the real situation . On his arrival at Hofuf, Sadlier found that Ibrahim had already left Deraiya, but still hoping to intercept him befose quitting Nejd, he followed up the retreating Egyptians through Yemama, and Wushm to Ras in Kasim, where he caught up the main See also:

• BODY

body of Ibrahim's army, though the pasha himself had gone on to Medina . Sadlier hesitated about going farther, but he was unable to obtain a safe conduct to Basra, or to return by the way he had come, and was compelled reluctantly to accompany the army to Medina . Here he at last met Ibrahim, but though courteously received, the interview had no results, and Sadlier soon after left for Yambu, whence he embarked for Jidda, and after another fruitless attempt to treat with Ibrahim, sailed for India .

If the See also:

• POLITICAL

political results of the mission were nil, the value to geographical science was immense; for though no geographer himself, Sadlier's route across Arabia made it possible for the first time to locate the principal places in something like their proper relative positions; incidentally, too, it showed the practicability of a considerable body of regular troops crossing the deserts of Nejd even in the months of July and See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August . Sadlier's route had left Jebel Shammar to one side; his successor, G . A . Wallin, was to make that the See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective of his journey . Commissioned by Mehemet Ali to inform him about the situation in Nejd brought about by the rising power of Abdallah See also:

• IBN

Ibn Rashid, Wallin left Cairo in See also:

• APRIL

April 1845, and crossing the pilgrim road at Ma'an, pushed on across the Syrian desert to the Wadi Sirhan and the Jauf oasis, where he halted during the hot summer months . From the wells of Shakik he crossed the waterless Nafud in four days to Jubba, and after a See also:

• HALT

halt there in the nomad camps, he moved on to See also:

• HAIL (O. Eng. kcegl and hagol, 1 cf. the cognate Teutonic hagel, as in German, Dutch, Swedish, &c.; the Gr. K&XX17E, pebble, is probably allied)

Hail, already a thriving town, and the capital of the Shammar state whose limits included all northern Arabia from Kasim to the Syrian border . After a stay in Hail, where he had every opportunity of observing the character of the country and its inhabitants, and the hospitality and patriarchal, if sometimes stern, See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice of its chief, he travelled on to Medina and Mecca, and returned thence to Cairo to report to his See also:

• PATRON

patron . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in 1848 he again returned to Arabia, avoiding the long desert journey by landing at Muwela, thence striking inland to Tebuk on the pilgrim road, and re-entering Shammar territory at the oasis of Tema, he again visited Hail; and after spending a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month there travelled northwards to See also:

• KERBELA

Kerbela and See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad . The effects of the Egyptian invasion had passed away, and central Arabia had settled down again under its native rulers when W . G . Palgrave made his adventurous journey through Nejd, and published the remarkable narrative Ba1grare a which has taken its See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place as the classic of Arabian tto See also:

• OAR (A.S. kr; M. Eng. ore; Lat. remus; Gr. iperw5s : Sans. aritra; Fr. rame; Ital. Span., Port. Yana)

oar°eyeNJd. exploration . ' Like Burton he was once an officer in the Indian army, but for some time before his journey he had been connected with the Jesuit mission in Syria .

By training and temperament he was better qualified to appreciate and describe the social life of the people than their physical surroundings, and if the results of his great journey are disappointing to the geographer, his See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the society of the oasis towns, and of the remarkable men who were then ruling in Hail and Riad, must always possess an absorbing interest as a portrait of Arab life in its freest development . Following Wallin's route across the desert by Ma'an and Jauf, Palgrave and his See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion, a Syrian See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian, reached Hail in July 1862; here they were hospitably entertained by the See also:

• AMIR, or AMEER (an Arabic word meaning " commander," from the root amr, " commanding ")

amir Talal, See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew of the founder of the Ibn Rashid See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, and after some stay passed on with his countenance through Kasim to southern Nejd . Palgrave says little of the desert part of the journey or of its Bedouin inhabitants, but much of the fertility of the oases and of the civility of the townsmen; and like other travellers in Nejd he speaks with See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm of its See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright, exhilarating climate . At Riad, Fesal, who had been in power since the Egyptian retirement, was still reigning; and the religious tyranny of Wahhabism prevailed, in marked contrast to the liberal regime of Talal in Jebel Shammar . Still, Palgrave and his companions, though known as Christians, spent nearly two months in the capital without molestation, making short excursions in the neighbourhood, the most important of which was to El Kharfa in Aflaj, the most southerly district of Nejd . Leaving Riad, they passed through Yemama, and across a See also:

• STRIP

strip of sandy desert to El Hasa where Palgrave found himself in more congenial surroundings . Finally, a voyage to the Oman coast and a brief stay there brought his adventures in Arabia to a successful ending . See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Doughty, the next Englishman to visit northern Arabia, though he covered little new ground, saw more of the Doughty. desert life, and has described it more minutely and faithfully than any other explorer . Travelling down from Damascus in 1875 with the Haj See also:

• CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

caravan, he stopped at El Hajr, one of the pilgrim stations, with the intention of awaiting the return of the caravan and in the meantime of exploring the rock-cut tombs of Medain Salih and El See also:

• ALA

Ala . Having successfully completed his investigations and sent copies of inscriptions and drawings of the tombs to See also:

• RENAN, ERNEST (1823-1892)

Renan in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, he determined to push on farther into the desert . Under the protection of a See also:

• SHEIKH, or SHAIKH

sheikh of the Fukara Bedouin he wandered over the whole of the border-land between Hejaz and Nejd . Visiting Tema, where among other ancient remains he discovered the famous inscribed See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, afterwards acquired by Huber for the Louvre .

Next summer he went on to Hail and thence back to Khaibar, where the See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor and townsmen, less tolerant than his former Bedouin hosts, See also:

• ILL

ill-treated him and even threatened his life . Returning to Hail in the absence of the amir, he was expelled by the governor; he succeeded, however, in finding protection at Aneza, where he spent several months, and eventually after many hardships and perils found his way to the coast at Jidda . Three years later Mr See also:

• WILFRID (c. 634-709)

Wilfrid and See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne Blunt made their expedition to J . Shammar . In their previous travels in Syria they had gained the confidence and friendship of a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young sheikh whose family, though long settled at Tadmur, came originally from Nejd, and who was anxious to renew the connexion with his kinsmen by seeking a See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride among them . In his See also:

• COMPANY

company the Blunts set out from Damascus, and travelled across the Syrian desert by the Wadi Sirhan to Jauf . Here the sheikh found some of his relations and the matrimonial' See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance was soon arranged; but though the object of the journey. had been attained, the Blunts were anxious to visit Hail and make the acquaintance of the amir Ibn Rashid, of whose might and generosity they daily heard from their hosts in Jauf . The long stretch of waterless desert between Jauf and J . Shammar was crossed without difficulty, and the party was welcomed by the amir and hospitably entertained for a month, after which they travelled north-wards in company with the Persian pilgrim caravan returning to Kerbela and Bagdad . In 1883 the French traveller, C . Huber, accompanied by the archaeologist, J . Euting, followed the same route from Damascus Huber. to See also:

• HAI (939-1038)

HAI .

The narrative of the last named forms a valuable supplement to that published by the Blunts, and together with Doughty's, furnishes as complete a picture as could be wished for of the social and political life of J . Shammar, and of the general nature of the country . Huber's See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal, published after his death from his original notes, contains a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of topographical and archaeological detail of the greatest scientific value: his routes and observations See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, in fact, the first and only scientific data for the construction of the. map of northern Arabia . To See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology also his services were of equal importance, for, besides copying numerous inscriptions in the district between Hail and Tema, he succeeded in gaining See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the since famous Tema stone, which ranks with the Moabite stone among the most valuable of Semitic inscriptions . From (fail Huber followed nearly in Doughty's track to Aneza and 11 . 9thence across central Nejd to Mecca and Jidda, where he despatched his notes and copies of insc