ARABI See also:

• PASHA

PASHA (c. 1839- )  , more correctly AHMAD `ARABI, to which in later years he added the epithet al-Misri, " the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian," Egyptian soldier and revolutionary See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt in 1839 or 1840 of a See also:

• FELLAH (pl. Fellahin)

fellah See also:

• FAMILY

family . Having entered the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army as a conscript he was made an officer by Said See also:

• PASHA

Pasha in 1862, and was employed in the transport See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department in the Abyssinian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1875 under See also:

• ISMAIL (1830-1895)

Ismail Pasha . A See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of peculation, unproved, was made against him in connexion with this expedition and he was placed on See also:

• HALF

half-pay . During this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he joined a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret society formed by See also:

• ALI

Ali Rubi with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of getting rid of See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• OFFICERS

officers from the Egyptian army . Arabi also attended lectures at the See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque El Azhar and acquired a reputation as an orator . In 1878 he was employed by Ismail in fomenting a disturbance against the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of Nubar, See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

Rivers See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson and de Blignieres, and received in See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment a wife from Ismail's See also:

• HAREM

harem and the command of a See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment . This increased his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence with the secret society, which, under the feeble See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of Tewfik Pasha and the Dual See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

Control, began to agitate against Europeans . In all that followed Arabi was put forward as the leader of the discontented Egyptians; he was in reality little more than the mouth-piece and puppet of abler men such as Ali Rubi and Mahmud Sami . On the 1st of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1881 Arabi and two other Egyptian colonels, summoned before a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial for acts of disobedience, were rescued by their soldiers, and the See also:

• KHEDIVE

khedive was forced to dismiss his then See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in favour of Mahmud Sami . A military demonstration on the 8th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1881, led by Arabi, forced the khedive to increase the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers and pay of the army, to substitute Sherif Pasha for Riaz Pasha as See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime minister, and to convene an See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of notables . Arabi became under-secretary for war at the beginning of 1882, but continued his intrigues . The assembly of notables claimed the right of voting the See also:

• BUDGET (originally from a Gallic word meaning sack, latinized as bulga, leather wallet or bag, thence in O. Fr. bougette, from which the Eng. form is derived)

budget, and thus came into conflict with the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign controllers who had been appointed to guard the interests of the bondholders in the management of the Egyptian finances .

Sherif See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in February, Mahmud Sami became prime minister, and Arabi (created a pasha) minister of war . Arabi, after a brief fall from See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office,acquired a dictatorial See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power that alarmed the See also:

• BRITISH

British government . British and See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French warships went to See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria at the beginning of See also:

• JUNE

June; on the See also:

• LATH (0. Eng. laett, Mid. Eng. lappe, a form possibly due to the Welsh llath; the word appears in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch lat, Ger. Latte, and has passed into Romanic, cf. Ital. latta, Fr. latte)

lath of that See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month rioting in that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city led to the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of many See also:

• EUROPEAN

European lives . See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order could only be restored through the intervention of Arabi, who now adopted a more' distinctly See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-European attitude . His arming of the forts at Alexandria was held to constitute a menace to the British See also:

• FLEET

fleet . On the refusal of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France to co-operate, the British fleet bombarded the forts (1 ith See also:

• JULY

July), and a British force, under See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GARNET
• GARNET, or GARNETT, HENRY (1555—1606)

Garnet See also:

• WOLSELEY, GARNET JOSEPH WOLSELEY, VISCOUNT (1833- )

Wolseley, defeated Arabi on the 13th of September at Tel-el-Kebir . Arabi fled to See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo where he surrendered, and was tried (3rd of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December) for See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion . In accordance with an understanding made with the British representative, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Dufferin, Arabi pleaded guilty, and See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence of See also:

• DEATH

death was immediately commuted to one of banishment for See also:

• LIFE

life to See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon . The same sentence was passed on Mahmud Sami and others . After Arabi's See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile had lasted for nearly twenty years, however, the khedive Abbas II. exercised his See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative of See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy, and in May 1901 Arabi was permitted to return to Egypt . Arabi, as has been said, was rather the figure-See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head than the inspirer of the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of 1881–1882; and was probably more honest, as he was certainly less intelligent, than those whose See also:

• TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

tool, in a large measure, he was . The movement which he represented in the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, whatever the motives of its leaders, " was in its essence a genuine revolt against misgovemment," i and it was a dim recognition of this fact which led Arabi to See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style himself " the Egyptian." See EGYPT: See also:

• HISTORY

History; also the accounts of Arabi in Khedives and Pashas, by C .

F . See also:

• MOBERLY
• MOBERLY, GEORGE (1803-1885)
• MOBERLY, ROBERT CAMPBELL (1845-1903)

Moberly See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

Bell (1884); and in Lord See also:

• CROMER
• CROMER, EVELYN BARING, 1ST EARL (1841– )

Cromer's See also:

• MODERN

Modern Egypt (1908) .