ARABS  , the name given to that See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Semitic See also:

• RACE

race which from the earliest historic times inhabited the. See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western portion of the Arabian See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula . The name, to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the collective See also:

• TERM

term for the overwhelming See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the surviving Semitic peoples, was originally restricted to the See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad tribes who ranged the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the peninsula See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine and the Syro-Arabian See also:

• DESERT

desert . In this narrow sense " Arab " is used in the See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions, in the Old Testament and in the Minaean inscriptions . Before the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era it had come to include all the inhabitants of the peninsula . This, it is suggested, may have been due to the fact that the " Arabs " i See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• CROMER
• CROMER, EVELYN BARING, 1ST EARL (1841– )

Cromer in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, No . 1, 1905, p . 2 . were the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• PEOPLE

people near the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman colonies in See also:

• SYRIA

Syria and See also:

• MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia . Classical writers use the term both in its See also:

• LOCAL

local and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general sense . The Arabs to-day occupy, besides See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia, a See also:

• PART

part of Mesopotamia, the western shores of the lied See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, the eastern See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian Gulf and the north of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . The finest type of the race is found in south Arabia among the Ariba Arabs, among the mountaineers of See also:

• HADRAMUT

Hadramut and See also:

• YEMEN (Yaman)

Yemen and among the Bedouin tribes roaming over the interior of central and See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Arabia . The Arabs of the coasts and those of Mesopotamia are hybrids, showing See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish, See also:

• NEGROID

Negroid and Hamitic crossings .

The people of Syria and Palestine are hybrids of Arab, Phoenician and Jewish descent . The theory that See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Arab settlements were made on the east coast of Africa as far as See also:

• SOFALA

Sofala south of the See also:

• ZAMBEZI

Zambezi, is without See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation; the earliest Arab See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement on the east coast of Africa that can be proved is Magadoxo (See also:

• MUKDISHU (Magodoxo)

Mukdishu) in the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and the ruined cities of Mashonaiand, once supposed to be the remains of Arab settlements, are now known to be of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• AFRICAN

African origin . On the East African coast-lands Arab See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence is still considerable . Traces of the Arab type are met with in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus, western See also:

• PERSIA

Persia and See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, while the influence of the Arab See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization is found in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe (See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain), See also:

• CHINA

China and Central Asia . The Arabs are at once the most See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient as they in many ways are the purest surviving type of the true Semite . Certainly See also:

• ETHNOLOGY

Ethnology. the inhabitants of Yemen are not, and in historic times never were, pure Semites . Somali and other elements, generally described under the collective racial name of Hamitic, are clearly traceable; but the inland Arabs still See also:

• PRESENT

present the nearest approach to the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive Semitic type . The origin of the Arab race can only be a See also:

• MATTER

matter of conjecture . From the remotest historic times it has been divided into two branches, which from their See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical position it is simplest to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call the North Arabians and the South Arabians . Arabic and Jewish tradition trace the descent of the latter from Joktan (Arabic Kahtan) son of See also:

• HEBER, REGINALD (1783-1826)
• HEBER, RICHARD (1773-1833)

Heber, of the former from See also:

• ISHMAEL (a Hebrew name meaning " God hears ")

Ishmael . The South Arabians—the older branch--were settled in the south-western part of the peninsula centuries before the uprise of the Ishmaelites . These latter include not only Ishmael's See also:

• DIRECT

direct descendants through the twelve princes (Gen. See also:

• XXV

xxv .

16), but the Edomites, Moabites, See also:

• AMMONITES

Ammonites, Midianites and other tribes . This ancient and undoubted See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the Arab race —roughly represented to-day by the universally adopted See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification into Arabs proper and Bedouin Arabs (see See also:

• BEDOUINS (Ahl Bedu, " dwellers in the open land," or Ahl el beit, " people of the tent," as they call themselves)

BEDOUINS)—has caused much dispute among ethnologists . All authorities agree in declaring the race to be Semitic in the broadest ethnological signification of that term, but some thought they saw in this division of the race an indication of a dual origin . They asserted that the purer branch of the Arab See also:

• FAMILY

family was represented by the sedentary Arabs who were of Hamitic (Biblical Cushite), i.e . African ancestry, and that the nomad Arabs were Arabs only by See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption, and were nearer akin to the true Semite as sons of Ishmael . Many arguments were adduced in support of this theory . (I) The unquestioned division in remote historic times of the Arab race, and the See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im- memorial hostility between the two branches . (2) The concur- rence of pre-Islamitic literature and records in representing the first settlement of the " pure " Arab as made in the extreme south-western part of the peninsula, near See also:

• ADEN

Aden . (3) The use of Himyar, " dusky " or " red " (suggesting African See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities), as the name sometimes for the ruling class, sometimes for the entire people . (4) The African affinities of the Himyaritic language . (5) The resemblance of the See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar of the Arabic now spoken by the " pure " Arabs, where it differs from that of the North, to the Abyssinian grammar . (6) The marked resemblance of the pre-Islamitic institutions of Yemen and its allied provinces—its monarchies, courts, armies and See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs—to the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical Africo-See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian type and even to See also:

• MODERN

modern Abys- sinia .

(7) The physique of the " pure " Arab, the shape and See also:

• SIZE

size of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, the slenderness of the See also:

• LOWER

lower limbs, all suggesting an African rather than an See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic origin . (8) The habits of the people, viz. their sedentary rather than nomad occupations, their fondness for See also:

• VILLAGE

village See also:

• LIFE

life, for dancing, See also:

• MUSIC

music and society, their cultivation of the See also:

• SOIL

soil, having more in See also:

• COMMON

common with African life than with that of the western Asiatic See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . (q) The extreme facility of See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage which exists in all classes of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Arabs with the African races, the fecundity of such unions and the slightness or even See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of any See also:

• CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste feeling between the dusky " pure " Arab and the still darker African, pointing to a community of origin . And further arguments were found in the characteristics of the Bedouins, their See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral and nomad tendencies; the peculiarities of their See also:

• IDIOM (Gr. t&%wµa, something peculiar and personal; lbws, one's own, personal)

idiom allied to the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew; their strong See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan feeling, their continued resistance to anything like See also:

• REGAL

regal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power or centralized organization . Such, briefly, were the more important arguments; but latterly ethnologists are inclined to agree that there is little really to be said for the African ancestry theory and that the Arab race had its beginning in the deserts of south Arabia, that in See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short the true Arabs are See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines . Mahommedans call the centuries before the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

Prophet's See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth wagt-el jahiliya, " the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance," but the fact is that the Arab See also:

• WORLD

world has in some respects never since reached so high a level as it had in those days which it suits Moslems to paint in dreary See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours . See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

Writing was a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• ART

art and See also:

• POETRY

poetry flourished . Eloquence was an accomplishment all strove to acquire, and each See also:

• YEAR

year there were assemblies, lasting sometimes a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month, which were devoted to contests of skill among the orators and poets, to listen to whose friendly rivalry tribesmen journeyed See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long distances . Last, that surest See also:

• INDEX

index of a people's civilization —the treatment of See also:

• WOMEN

women—contrasted very favourably with their position under the See also:

• KORAN

Koran . Women had rights and were respected . The See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

veil and the See also:

• HAREM

harem See also:

• SYSTEM

system were unknown before See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet . According to See also:

• NOLDEKE
• NOLDEKE, THEODOR (1836— )

Noldeke the Nabataean inscriptions and coins show that women held a high social position in northern Arabia, owning large estates and trading independently .

See also:

• POLYANDRY (Gr. iroXus, many, and 6.vi7P, man)

Polyandry and See also:

• POLYGAMY, (Gr. nabs, many, and yayos, marriage)

polygamy, it is true, were practised, but the right of See also:

• DIVORCE

divorce belonged to the woman as well as the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . Two kinds of marriage were celebrated . One was a purely See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• CON

con-See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract, with no witnesses, the wife not leaving her See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home or passing under marital authority . The other was a formal marriage, the woman becoming subject to her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband by See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase or See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture . Even See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive women were not kept in See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery . Arabic See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and culture had indeed thus early reached a See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage which justified See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• ROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816-1853)
• ROBERTSON, GEORGE CROOM (1842-1892)
• ROBERTSON, JOSEPH (1810-1866)
• ROBERTSON, THOMAS WILLIAM (1829-1871)
• ROBERTSON, WILLIAM BRUCE (182o-1886)

Robertson See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith in writing, " In this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the name of Arab was associated to Western writers with ideas of effeminate indolence and peaceful opulence . . . the See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of Yemen." But long before Mahomet's time this early Arab predominance was at an end, possibly due in See also:

• GREAT

great measure to the loss of the See also:

• CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

caravan See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade through the increase of See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping . The See also:

• ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment of great cities and the ruin of many tribes contributed to the apparent nationalization of the Arab peoples . Though the traditional See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy and hostility of the two branches, the Yemenites and Maadites or Ishmaelites, remained, the Arab world had attained by the levelling See also:

• PROCESS

process of common misfortune the superficial unity it presents to-day . The nation thus formed, never a nation in the strict sense of the word, was distinctively and thoroughly Semitic in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and language, and has remained unchanged to the present day . The sporadic brilliancy of the ancient Arab kingdoms gave See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to a social and See also:

• POLITICAL

political lethargy, the continuation of which for many centuries made the uprise of Saracenic empires seem a See also:

• MIRACLE (Lat. miraculum, from mirari, to wonder)

miracle to a world ignorant of the Arab past . The Arab race up to Mahomet's day had been in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan .

Monotheism, if it ever prevailed, early gave place to See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun and See also:

• STAR

star See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, or See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• IDOLATRY

idolatry . Professor Robertson Smith suggests that See also:

• TOTEMISM

totemism was the earliest See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of Arabian idolatry, and that each tribe had its sacred See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal . This he supports by the fact that some tribal names were derived from those of animals, and that animal-worship was not unknown in Arabia . What seems certain is that Arab See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion was of a complex hybrid nature, not much to be wondered at when one remembers that Arabia was the See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum of many religious refugees, Zoroastrians, See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, Christians . In the later pre-Islamitic times See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, or jinns, as they were called, of which each tribe or family had its own, were worshipped, and there was but a vague See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a Supreme Being . Images of the jinns to the number of 36o, one for each day of the lunar year, were collected in the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple at See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca, the chief seat of their worship . That worship was of a sanguinary nature . Human See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice was fairly frequent . Under the See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

guise of religion See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• INFANTICIDE

infanticide was a common practice . At Mecca the great See also:

• OBJECT

object of worship was a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, and to it pilgrimages were made from every part of Arabia . This stone was so sacred to the Arabs that even Mahomet dared not dispense with it, and it remains the central object of sanctity in the Ka'ba to-day . The temples of the See also:

• SABAEANS

Sabaeans and the Minaeans were built east of their cities, a fact suggesting sun-worship, yet this is not believed to have been the cult of the Minaeans .

Common to both was the worship of See also:

• ATTAR [or OTTO] OF ROSES (Pers. 'atar, essence)

Attar, the male Ashtoreth . With the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of Mahomet the Arabs took anew a place in the world's See also:

• HISTORY

history . Physically the Arabs are one of the strongest and noblest races of the world . See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron de Larrey, surgeon-general to Physique . See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon on his expedition to Egypt and Syria, writes: " Their See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical structure is in all respects more perfect than that of Europeans; their See also:

• ORGANS

organs of sense exquisitely acute, their size above the See also:

• AVERAGE

average of men in general, their figure robust and elegant, their See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown; their intelligence proportionate to their physical perfection and without doubt See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior, other things being equal, to that of other nations." The typical Arab See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face is of an See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval form, lean-featured; the eyes a brilliant black, deep-set under bushy eyebrows; See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose aquiline, forehead straight but not high . In See also:

• BODY

body the Arab is See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular and long-limbed, but lean . De-formed individuals or dwarfs are rare among Arabs; nor, except leprosy, which is common, does any disease seem to be hereditary among them . They often suffer from ophthalmia, though not in the virulent Egyptian form . They are scrupulously clean in their persons, and take See also:

• SPECIAL

special care of their See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth, which are generally See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and even . Simple and abstemious in their habits, they often reach an extreme yet healthy old age; nor is it common among them for the faculties of the mind to give way sooner than those of the body . Thus, physically, they yield to few races, if any, of mankind; mentally, they surpass most, and are only kept back in the character. See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march of progress by the remarkable defect of or- ganizing power'and incapacity for combined See also:

• ACTION

action . Lax and imperfect as are their forms of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, it is with impatience that even these are See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne; of the four caliphs who alone reigned—if reign theirs could be called—in Arabia proper, three died a violent See also:

• DEATH

death; and of the Wahhabi princes, the most genuine representatives in later times of pure Arab See also:

• RULE

rule, almost all have met the same See also:

• FATE

fate .

The Arab face, which is not unkindly, but never smiling, expresses that dignity and gravity which are typical of the race . While the Arab is always polite, See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good-natured, manly and brave, he is also revengeful, cruel, untruthful and superstitious . Of the Arab nature Burck- See also:

• HARDT, HERMANN VON DER (166o-1746)
• HARDT, THE

hardt (other authorities, e.g . See also:

• BARTH
• BARTH, HEINRICH (1821–1865)
• BARTH, KASPAR VON (1587-1658)

Barth and See also:

• ROHLFS, FRIEDRICH GERHARD (1831—1896)

Rohlfs, are far less com- plimentary) wrote: " The Arab displays his manly character when he defends his See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest at the peril of his own life, and submits to the reverses of See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune, to disappointment and See also:

• DISTRESS

distress, with the most patient resignation . He is distinguished from a Turk by the virtues of pity and gratitude . The Turk is cruel, the Arab of a more See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper; he pities and supports the wretched, and never forgets the generosity shown to him even by an enemy." The Arab will See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie and cheat and swear false oaths, but once his word is pledged he may be trusted to the last . There are some oaths such as Wallah (by See also:

• ALLAH

Allah) which mean nothing, but such an See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath as the threefold one with wa, bi and to as particles of See also:

• SWEARING (O. Eng. swerian, to swear, originally to speak aloud, cf. andswerian, to answer, Ger. schworen, Dan. svaerge, &c., all from root sorer-, to make a sound, cf. " swarm," properly the buzzing of bees, Lat. susurrus)

swearing the meanest thief will not break . In temper, or at least in the manifestation of it, the Arab is studiously See also:

• CALM

calm; and he rarely so much as raises his See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice in a dispute . But this outward tranquillity covers feelings alike keen and permanent; and the remembrance of a rash jest or injurious word, uttered 285 years before, leads only too often to that See also:

• BLOOD

blood-revenge which is a sacred See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty everywhere in Arabia . There exist, however, marked tribal or almost semi-See also:

• NATIONAL

national diversities of character among the Arabs . Thus, the inhabitants of See also:

• HEJAZ (H1JAz)

Hejaz are noted for See also:

• COURTESY (O. Fr. curtesie, later courtoisie)

courtesy and blamed for fickleness; those of See also:

• NEJD

Nejd are distinguished by their stern tenacity and dignity of deportment; the nations of Yemen are See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle and pliant, but revengeful; those of See also:

• HASA, EL (Ahsa, Al Hasa)

Hasa and See also:

• OMAN

Oman cheerful and fond of See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport, though at the same time turbulent and unsteady . Anything approaching to a See also:

• GAME

game is rare in Nejd, and in the Hejaz religion and the yearly occurrence of the See also:

• PILGRIM

pilgrim ceremonies almost exclude all public' diversions; but in Yemen the well-known game of the " jerid," or See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm-stick, with dances and music is not rare .

In Oman such amusements are still more frequent . Again in Yemen and Oman, See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee-houses, where people resort for conversation, and where public recitals, songs and other amusements are indulged in, stand open all day; while nothing of the sort is tolerated in Nejd . So too the ceremonies of See also:

• CIRCUMCISION (Lat. circum, round, and caedere, to cut)

circumcision or marriage are occasions of gaiety and pastime on the coast, but not in the central provinces . An Arab See also:

• TOWN

town, or even village, except it be the merest See also:

• HAMLET

hamlet, is invariably walled See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round; but seldom is a stronger material than dried See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth used; the walls are occasionally flanked by towers of like construction . A dry ditch See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

Manners and often surrounds the whole . The streets are irregular customs . and seldom parallel . The Arab, indeed, lacks an See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye for the straight . The Arab See also:

• CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840)
• CARPENTER, MIRY (1807-1877)
• CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (1813-1885)

carpenter cannot form a right See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle; an Arab servant cannot place a See also:

• CLOTH

cloth square on a table . The Ka'ba at Mecca has none of its sides or angles equal . The houses are of one or two storeys, rarely of three, with See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat mud See also:

• ROOFS

roofs, little windows and no See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament . If the town be large, the expansion of one or two streets becomes a See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-place, where are ranged a few shops of eatables, drugs, coffee, cottons or other goods .

Many of these shops are kept by women . The chief See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque is always near the market-place; so is also the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor's See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, which, except in size and in being more or less fortified Arab See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, does not differ from a private See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . Drainage is unthought of; but the extreme dryness of the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air obviates the inconvenience and disease that under other skies could not fail to ensue, and which in the damper climates of the coast make themselves seriously See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt . But the streets are roughly swept every day, each householder taking care of the roadway that lies before his own See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door . Whitewash and colour are occasionally used in Yemen, Hejaz and Oman; elsewhere a See also:

• LIGHT

light ochre tint, the colour of the sun-dried bricks, predominates, and gives an Arab town the appearance at a distance of a large dust-heap in the centre of the See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring of gardens and palm-groves . Baked bricks are unknown in Arabia, and stone buildings are rare, especially in Nejd . Palm branches and the like, See also:

• WOVEN

woven in wattles, form the dwellings. of the poorer classes in the southern districts . Many Arab towns possess See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch-towers, like huge round factory chimneys in appearance, built of sun-dried bricks, and varying in height from 5o to too ft. or even more . Indeed, two of these constructions at the town of Birkat-el-Mauj, in Oman, are said to be each of 170 ft. in height, and that of Nezwah, in the same See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, is reckoned at too; but these are of stone . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal feature in the interior of an Arab house is the "kahwah " or coffee-See also:

• ROOM

room . It is a large apartment spread with mats, and sometimes furnished with carpets and a few cushions . At one end is a small See also:

• FURNACE

furnace or fireplace for preparing coffee .

In this room the men congregate; here guests are received, and even lodged; women rarely enter it, except at times when strangers are unlikely to be present . Some of these apartments are very spacious and supported by pillars; one See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall is usually built transversely to the See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass direction of the Ka'ba; it serves to facilitate the performance of See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer by those who may happen to be in the kahwah at the appointed times . The other rooms are ordinarily small . The Arabs are proverbially hospitable . A stranger's arrival is often the occasion of an amicable dispute among the wealthier inhabitants as to who shall have the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of receiving him . Arab See also:

• COOKERY (Lat. coquus, a cook)

cookery is of the simplest . Roughly-ground See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat cooked with See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter; See also:

• BREAD

bread in thin cakes, prepared on a heated See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• PLATE

plate or against the walls of an open See also:

• OVEN (O. Eng. of n,Ger. Ofen, cf. Gr. Irvin, oven)

oven; a few vegetables, generally of the leguminous kinds; boiled mutton or See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel's flesh, among the wealthy; See also:

• DATES

dates and fruits—this is the menu of an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• MEAL

meal . See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

Rice is eaten by the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish is common on the coasts . See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

Tea, introduced only a few decades back, is now largely drank . A See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food of which the Arabs are fond is locusts boiled in See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt and See also:

• WATER

water and then dried in the sun . They See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste like stale shrimps, but there is a great See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale for them . Spices are freely employed; butter much too largely for a See also:

• EUROPEAN

European taste .

After eating, the hands are always washed, See also:

• SOAP

soap or the ashes of an alkaline plant being used . A covered censer with burning See also:

• INCENSE

incense is then passed round, and each guest perfumes his hands, face, and sometimes his clothes; this censer serves also on first receptions and whenever special See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour is intended . In Yemen and Oman scented water often does duty for it . Coffee, without See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk or See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, but flavoured with an aromatic See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed brought from India, is served to all . This, too, is done on the occasion of a first welcome, when the cups often make two or three successive rounds; but, in fact, coffee is made and drunk at any time, as frequently as the See also:

• DESIRE

desire for it may suggest itself; and each time fresh grains are sifted, roasted, pounded and boiled—a very laborious process, and one that requires in the better sort of establishments a special servant or slave for the See also:

• WORK

work . Arabs generally make but one solid meal a day—that of supper, soon after sunset . Even then they do not eat much, gluttony being rare among them, and even daintiness esteemed disgraceful . See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

Wine, like other fermented drinks, is prohibited by the Koran, and is, in fact, very rarely taken, though the inhabitants of the mountains of Oman are said to indulge in it . On the coast spirits of the worst quality are sometimes procured; See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium and See also:

• HASHISH, or HASHEESH

hashish are sparingly indulged in . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, wherever Wahhabiism has See also:

• LEFT

left freedom of action, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco-smoking prevails; short pipes of See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, long pipes with large open See also:

• BOWLS

bowls, or most frequently the water-See also:

• PIPE

pipe or " narghileh," being used . The tobacco smoked is generally strong and is either brought from the neighbourhood of See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad or grown in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country itself . The strongest quality is that of Oman; the See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf is broad and coarse, and retains its green colour even when dried; a few whiffs have been known to produce See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute stupor .

The aversion of the See also:

• WAHHABIS

Wahhabis to tobacco is well known; they entitle it " mukhzi " or " the shameful," and its use is punished with blows, as the public use of wine would be elsewhere . In See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress much variety prevails . The loose See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton drawers girded at the See also:

• WAIST

waist, which in hot climates do duty for See also:

• TROUSERS

trousers, Uress. are not often worn, even by the upper classes, in Nejd or Yemama, where a kind of See also:

• SILK

silk dressing-See also:

• GOWN

gown is thrown over the long See also:

• SHIRT

shirt; frequently, too, a brown or black cloak distinguishes the wealthier See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen; his head-dress is a handkerchief fastened round the head by a See also:

• BAND