See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)  , a captaincy-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, and formerly a See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain; bounded on the N. by the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees, which See also:

• SEPARATE

separate it from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, on the E. by See also:

• CATALONIA (Cataluna)

Catalonia and See also:

• VALENCIA
• VALENCIA, or VALENTIA

Valencia, S. by Valencia, and W. by the two Castiles and See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre . Pop . (1900) 912,711; See also:

• AREA

area, 18,294 sq. m . See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon was divided in 1833 into the provinces of See also:

• HUESCA
• HUESCA (anc. Osca)

Huesca, See also:

• TERUEL

Teruel and See also:

• SARAGOSSA (Zaragoza)
• SARAGOSSA, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Caesarauguslana)

Saragossa; an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition is therefore given under these names, which have not, however, superseded the older designation in popular usage . Aragon consists of a central See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, edged by See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ranges . On the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, these ranges, though See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild and rugged, are of no See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation, but on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north the Pyrenees attain their greatest See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude in the peaks of Aneto (11,168 ft.) and See also:

• MONTE

Monte Perdido (10,998 ft.)—also known as See also:

• LAS

Las Tres Sorores, and, in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, as Mont Perdu . The central pass over the Pyrenees is the See also:

• PORT

Port de Canfranc, on the See also:

• LINE

line between Saragossa and See also:

• PAU

Pau . Aragon is divided by the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• EBRO (anc. Iberus or Hiberus)

Ebro (q.v.), which flows through it in a south-easterly direction, into two nearly equal parts, known as Trans-ibero and Cis-ibero . The Ebro is the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal river, and receives from the north, in its passage through the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, the Arba, the Gallego and the See also:

• UNITED

united See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Cinca, Esera, Noguera Ribagorzana, Noguera Pallaresa and Segre—the last three belonging to Catalonia . From the south it receives the Jalon and Jiloca (or Xalon and Xiloca) and the Guadalope . The Imperial See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal of Aragon, which was begun by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. in 1529, but remained unfinished for nearly two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years, extends from See also:

• TUDELA

Tudela to El Burgo de Ebro, a distance of 8o m.; it has a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 9 ft., and an See also:

• AVERAGE

average breadth of 69, and is navigable for vessels of about 8o tons . The Royal Canal of Tauste, which lies along the north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Ebro; was cut for purposes of See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation, and gives fertility to the See also:

• DISTRICT

district .

Two leagues north-north .east of Albarracin is the remarkable See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain called See also:

• CELLA

Cella, 3700 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, which forms the source of the Jiloca; and between this river and the Sierra See also:

• MOLINA, LUIS (1535-1600)

Molina is an extensive See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake called Gallocanta, covering about 6000 acres . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is characterized by extreme See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat in the summer and See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter; among the mountains the snowfall is heavy, and thunderstorms are frequent, but there is comparatively little See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain . Within a See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, central Aragon was undoubtedly submerged by the sea, and the parched chalky See also:

• SOIL

soil remains saturated with See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, while many of the smaller streams run brackish . As the mountains of Valencia and Catalonia effectually See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar out the fertilizing moisture of the sea-winds, much of the province is a sheer See also:

• WILDERNESS

wilderness, stony, ash-coloured, scarred with dry watercourses, and destitute of any vegetation except thin grass and heaths . In contrast with the splendid fertility of Valencia or the south of France, the landscape of this region, like the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of central Spain, seems almost a continuation of the north See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• DESERT

desert area . There are, however, extensive See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine and See also:

• BEECH

beech forests in the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands, and many beautiful oases in the deeply sunk valleys, and along the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, especially beside the Ebro, which is, therefore, often called the " See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile of Aragon." In such oases the See also:

• FLORA

flora is exceedingly See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich . See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Wheat, See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize, See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, oil, See also:

• FLAX

flax and See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, of See also:

• FINE

fine quality, are grown in considerable quantities; as well as See also:

• SAFFRON (Arab. za'faran)

saffron, See also:

• MADDER

madder, See also:

• LIQUORICE

liquorice, See also:

• SUMACH

sumach, and a variety of fruits . See also:

• MERINO

Merino See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool is one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief products . In purity of See also:

• RACE

race the Aragonese are probably equal to the Castilians, to whom, rather than to the Catalans or Valencians, they are also allied in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . The See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress of the See also:

• WOMEN

women is less distinctive than that of the men, who See also:

• WEAR

wear a picturesque See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

costume, with See also:

• KNEE (O. E. cneow, a word common to Indo-European languages, cf. Ger. Knie, Fr. genou, Span. hinojo, Lat. genu, Gr. ybvv, Sansk. janu)

knee-breeches, a brilliantly coloured See also:

• SASH

sash, black hempen sandals, and a handkerchief See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . Three counties—Sobrarbe, situated near the headwaters of the Cinca, Aragon, to the west, and Ribagorza or Ribagorca, to the east—are indicated by tradition and the earliest See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles as the See also:

• CRADLE (of uncertain etymology, possibly connected with " crate " and " creel," i.e. basket; the derivation from a Celtic word, with a sense of rocking, is scouted by the New English Dictionary)

cradle of the Aragonese See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy . These districts were never wholly subdued when the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors overran the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country (711-713) .

Sobrarbe especially was for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the headquarters of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence in eastern Spain . About 1035, Sancho III. the Great, ruler of the newly established kingdom of Navarre, which included the three counties above mentioned, bequeathed them to Gonzalez and Ramiro, his sons . Ramiro soon rid himself of his See also:

• RIVAL

rival, and welded Sobrarbe, Ribagorza and Aragon into a single kingdom, which thenceforward See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew rapidly in See also:

• SIZE

size and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and shared with See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile the chief See also:

• PART

part in the struggle against the Moors . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of this period, which was terminated by the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of Castile and Aragon under See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand and See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella in 1479, is given, along with a full account of the very interesting constitution of Aragon, under SPAIN (q.v.) . At the height of its power under See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I . (1213-1276), the kingdom included Valencia, Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and the considerable territory of See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier in France; while See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter III . (1276-1285) added See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily to his dominions . The literature See also:

• RELATING

relating to Aragon is very extensive . See, in addition to the See also:

• WORKS

works cited in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article SPAIN (See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section History), " See also:

• LES

Les Archives d'Aragon et de Navarre," by L . Cadier, in Bibliotheque de 1'Ecole See also:

• DES

des Charles, 49 (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1888) . Among the more important See also:

• ORIGINAL

original authorities, the following may be selected:— for general history, Anales de la See also:

• CORONA (Lat. for " crown ")

corona de Aragon, by G. curita, 3rd ed. in 7 See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio volumes (Saragossa, 1668–1671; 1st ed . 1562–158o) ;—for ecclesiastical history, Teatro histdrico de las See also:

• IGLESIAS

iglesias de Aragon (See also:

• PAMPLONA, or PAMPELUNA

Pamplona, 177o–18o7); for economic history, Ilistoria de la economia yolitica de Aragon, by I .

J. de Asso y del Rio (Saragossa, 1798) . For the constitution and See also:

• LAWS

laws of Aragon, see Origines del Justicia de Aragon, &c., by J . See also:

• RIBERA, GIUSEPPE (1588-1656)

Ribera Tarrago (Saragossa, 1897), and Instiluciones y reyes de Aragon, by V . See also:

• BALAGUER, VICTOR (1824-19o1)

Balaguer (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 1896) . The See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography, inhabitants, See also:

• ART

art, products, &c., of the kingdom are described in a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series Espana entitled Aragon, by J . M . Quadrado (See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona, 1886) .