See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT PEDRO PABLO ABARCA DE BOLEA See also:

• COUNT PEDRO PABLO ABARCA DE BOLEA ARANDA

ARANDA  of (1719-1798), See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Sietamo, a lordship of his See also:

• FAMILY

family near See also:

• HUESCA
• HUESCA (anc. Osca)

Huesca in See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon, on the 1st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1719 . The See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Abarca was very See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient, a fact of which See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Pedro, who never forgot that he was a " rico hombre " (See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble) of Aragon, was deeply conscious . He was educated partly at See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna and partly at the military school of See also:

• PARMA

Parma . In 1740 he entered the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army as See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain in the See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment " Castilla," of which his See also:

• FATHER

father was proprietary See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of his father he became colonel, and served in the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession . In 1749 he married Dona See also:

• ANA

Ana, daughter of the 9th See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Hijar, by whom he had one son, who died See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, and a daughter . During the following years he travelled and visited the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the See also:

• GREAT

Great, whose See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• DRILL

drill he admired and afterwards introduced into the Spanish army . After a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic service in See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, where his exacting See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper made it impossible for him to agree with the premier, See also:

• POMBAL, SEBASTIAO JOSE DE CARVALHO E MELLO, MARQUESS OF (1699-1782)

Pombal, he returned to See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, was made a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight of the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden Fleece, and director-general of See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery—a See also:

• POST

post which he threw up, together with his See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-general, because • he was not allowed to punish certain fraudulent contractors . The See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand VI., exiled him to his estates, but See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles III. on his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession took him into favour . He was again employed in See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy, and then appointed to command an army against Portugal in 1763 . In 1764 he was made See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• VALENCIA
• VALENCIA, or VALENTIA

Valencia . When in 1766 the king was driven from his See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital in a See also:

• RIOT (0. Fr. riote, of uncertain etymology)

riot, he summoned See also:

• ARANDA, PEDRO PABLO ABARCA DE BOLEA, COUNT

Aranda to Madrid and made him See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, and captain-general of New See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile .

Until 1773 Aranda was the most important minister in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . He restored See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and aided the king most materially in his See also:

• WORK

work of administrative reform . But his great achievements, which gave him a high reputation throughout See also:

• EUROPE

Europe with the philosophical and See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-clerical parties, were his See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits, whom the king considered responsible for the riot of 1766, and the active See also:

• PART

part he took in the suppression of the order . Aranda had come much under See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence by his See also:

• EDUCATION

education and his travels, and had acquired the reputation of being a confirmed sceptic . By See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire and the Encyclopaedists he was erected into a See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero from whom great things were expected . His ability, his remarkable capacity for work, and his popularity made him in-dispensable to the king . But he was a trying servant, for his temper was captious and his See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue sarcastic, while his aristocratic arrogance led him to display an offensive contempt for the golillas (the stiff collars), as he called the lawyers and public servants whom the king preferred to choose as ministers, and he permitted himself an amazing freedom of See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language with his See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign . At last Charles III. sent him as See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in a disguised disgrace . Aranda held this position till 1787, but in Paris he was chiefly known for his oddities of manner and for perpetual wrangling with the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French on small points of See also:

• ETIQUETTE

etiquette . He resigned his post for private reasons . In the reign of Charles IV., with whom he had been on See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar terms during the See also:

• LIFE

life of the old king, he was for a very short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime minister in 1792 . In reality he was merely used as a See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen by the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen Maria Louisa and her favourite See also:

• GODOY, ALVAREZ DE FARIA, RIOS SANCHEZ Y ZARZOSA, MANUEL DE (1767-1851)

Godoy .

His open sympathy with the French Revolution brought him into collision with the violent reaction produced in Spain by the excesses of the See also:

• JACOBINS, THE

Jacobins, while his temper, which had become perfectly uncontrollable with See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, made him insufferable to the king . After his removal from See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office he was imprisoned for a short time at See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada, and was threatened with a trial by the See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition . The proceedings did not go beyond the preliminary See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, and Aranda died at Epila on the 9th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1798 . See Don Jacobo de la Pezuela in the Revista de Espana, vol. See also:

• XXV

xxv . (1872); Don See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio Ma . Fabie, in the Diccionario general de politica y See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of Don E . See also:

• SUAREZ, FRANCISCO (1548-1617)

Suarez Inclan (Madrid, 1868), vol. i.; M . See also:

• MOREL

Morel Fatio, Etudes sur l'Espagne (2nd See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, Paris, 1890) . (D .