See also:

• ARARAT
• ARARAT (Armen. Massis, Turk. Egri Dagh, i.e. " Painful Mountain," Pers. Koh-i-Nuh, i.e. " Mountain of Noah,")

ARARAT (Armen. Massis, Turk. Egri Dagh, i.e. " Painful See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain," Pers. Koh-i-Nuh, i.e. " Mountain of See also:

• NOAH (ni, rest; Septuagint, New Testament, Philo, Josephus, Na*, N&i os, Nweos: Vulg. Noe)

Noah,")  , the name given to the culminating point of the Armenian See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau which rises to a height of 17,000 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The See also:

• MASSIF

massif of See also:

• ARARAT
• ARARAT (Armen. Massis, Turk. Egri Dagh, i.e. " Painful Mountain," Pers. Koh-i-Nuh, i.e. " Mountain of Noah,")

Ararat rises on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east out of the alluvial See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of the See also:

• ARAS

Aras, here from 2500 ft. to 3000 ft. above the sea, and on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west sinks into the plateau of Bayezid, about 4500 ft . It is thus isolated on all sides but the north-west, where a See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col about 69oo ft. high connects it with a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge of volcanic mountains . Out of the massif rise two peaks, " their bases confluent at a height of 8800 ft., their summits about 7 M. apart." The higher, See also:

• GREAT

Great Ararat, is " a huge broad-shouldered See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass, more of a See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome than a See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone "; the See also:

• LOWER

lower, Little Ararat, 12,840 ft. on which the territories of the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar, the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan, and the shah meet, is " an elegant cone or See also:

• PYRAMID

pyramid, rising with steep, smooth, See also:

• REGULAR

regular sides into a comparatively See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak " (See also:

• BRYCE, JAMES (1838- )

Bryce) . On the north and west the slopes of Great Ararat are covered with glittering See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields of unbroken See also:

• NAVE

nave . The only true See also:

• GLACIER
• GLACIER (adopted from the French; from glace, ice, Lat. glacies)

glacier is on the north-east See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, at the bottom of a large chasm which runs into the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain . The great height of the See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-See also:

• LINE

line, . 14,000 ft., is due to the small rainfall and the upward See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush of dry See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air from the plain of the Araxes . The See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone of Ararat, 5000-11,500 ft., is covered with See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good pasture, the upper and lower zones are for the most See also:

• PART

part sterile . Whether the tradition which makes Ararat the resting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• NOAH (ni, rest; Septuagint, New Testament, Philo, Josephus, Na*, N&i os, Nweos: Vulg. Noe)

Noah's See also:

• ARK (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Arche, adapted from the Lat. area, chest, cf. arcere, to shut up, enclose)„ a chest, basket or box. The Hebrew word tebah, translated in the' A.V. by " ark," is used in the Old Testament (1)

Ark is of any See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical value or not, there is at least poetical fitness in the See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis, inasmuch as this mountain is about equally distant from the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Sea and the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian, from the Mediterranean and the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian Gulf . Another tradition—accepted by the Kurds, Syrians and See also:

• NESTORIANS

Nestorians—fixes on See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Judi, in the south of See also:

• ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia, on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• TIGRIS (Old Persian Tigrd, Diklat of the cuneiform inscriptions, Hiddekel of the Old Testament, Diglath of the Targum, Digla of the Arabs)

Tigris, near Jezire, as the Ark's resting-place . There so-called genuine See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of the ark were exhibited, and a monastery and See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque of See also:

• COMMEMORATION

commemoration were built; but the monastery was destroyed by See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning in 776 A.D., and the tradition has declined in See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit .

See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round Mount Ararat, however, gather many traditions connected with the See also:

• DELUGE, THE (through the Fr. from Lat. diluvium, flood, diluere, to wash away)

Deluge . The See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden of See also:

• EDEN
• EDEN, SIR ASHLEY (1831-1887)

Eden is placed in the valley of the Araxes; Marand is the See also:

• BURIAL

burial-place of Noah's wife; at Arghuri, a See also:

• VILLAGE

village near the great chasm, was the spot where Noah planted the first vineyard, and here were shown Noah's See also:

• VINE

vine and the monastery of St See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James, until village and monastery were overwhelmed by a fall of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice and snow, shaken down by an See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake in 1840 . According to the Babylonian See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, the resting-place of the Ark was " on the Mountain of Nizir," which some writers have identified with Mount Rowanduz, and others ' with Mount See also:

• ELBURZ, or ALBURZ (from O. Pers. Hara-bere-zaili, the " High Mountain ")

Elburz, near See also:

• TEHERAN
• TEHERAN (more properly TEHRAN)

Teheran . -ARARAT From the Armenian plateau, Ararat rises in a graceful isolated cone far into the region of perennial snow . It was long believed by the Armenian monks that no one was permitted to reach the " See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top " of Ararat with its sacred remains, but on the 27th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1829, Dr . Johann See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob See also:

• PARROT (according to Skeat, from Fr. Perrot or Pies-rot, the diminutive of the proper name Pierrel)

Parrot (1792-1840) of Dorpat, a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German in the employment of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, set See also:

• FOOT

foot on the " dome of eternal ice." Ararat has since been ascended by S . Aftonomov (1834 and 1843); M . See also:

• WAGNER, ADOLF (1835- )
• WAGNER, RUDOLPH (1805-1864)
• WAGNER, WILHELM RICHARD (1813-1883)

Wagner and W . H . See also:

• ABICH

Abich (1845); J . Chodzko, N . W .

Chanykov, P . H . See also:

• MORITZ, KARL PHILIPP (1757-1793)

Moritz and a party of See also:

• COSSACKS (Russ. Kazak; plural, Kazaki, from the Turki quzzaq, " adventurer, free-hooter ")

Cossacks in the service of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government (185o); See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart (1856); See also:

• MONTEITH

Monteith (1856); D . W . Freshfield (1868); James Bryce (1876); A . V . Markov (1888); P . Pashtukhov and H . B . See also:

• LYNCH, PATRICIO (1825–1886)

Lynch (1893) . Mr Freshfield thus described the mountain:—" It stands perfectly isolated from all the other ranges, with the still more perfect cone of Little Ararat (a typical See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano) at its side . Seen thus See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season (May), with at least 9000 ft. of snow on its slopes, from a distance and height well calculated to permit the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye to take in its true proportions, we agreed that no single mountain we know presented such a magnificent and impressive See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance as the Armenian See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

Giant." There are a number of glaciers in the upper portion, and the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of the whole See also:

• DISTRICT

district is very severe .

The greater part of the mountain is destitute of trees, but the lower Ararat is clothed with birches . The See also:

• FAUNA

fauna and See also:

• FLORA

flora are both comparatively meagre . Both Great and Little Ararat consist entirely of volcanic rocks, chiefly andesites and See also:

• PYROXENE

pyroxene andesites, with some See also:

• OBSIDIAN

obsidian . No See also:

• CRATER

crater now exists at the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of either, but well-formed parasitic cones occur upon their flanks . There are no certain historic records of any eruption . The earthquake and fall of rock which destroyed the village of Arghuri in 184o may have been caused by a volcanic See also:

• EXPLOSION

explosion, but the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence is unsatisfactory . The name of Ararat also applies to the See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian Urardhu, the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in which the Ark rested after the Deluge (Gen. viii . 4), and to which the murderers of See also:

• SENNACHERIB (Ass. Sin-akhi-erba, " the Moon-god has increased the brethren ")

Sennacherib fled (2 See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings xix . 37; See also:

• ISAIAH
• ISAIAH, ASCENSION OF

Isaiah See also:

• XXXVII

xxxvii . 38) . The name Urardhu, originally that of a principality which included Mount Ararat and the plain of the Araxes, is given in Assyrian See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions from the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B . C. downwards to a See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom that at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time included the greater part of the later Armenia .

The native name of the kingdom was Biainas, and its See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital was Dhuspas, now See also:

• VAN

Van . The first See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, Sarduris I . (c . 833 B.C.), subdued the country of the Upper See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates and Tigris . His inscriptions are written in See also:

• CUNEIFORM (from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

cuneiform, in Assyrian, whilst those of his successors are in cuneiform, in their own See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, which is neither See also:

• ARYAN

Aryan nor Semitic . The kings of Biainas extended their kingdom eastward and westward, and defeated the Assyrians and See also:

• HITTITES

Hittites . But Sarduris II. was overthrown by Tiglath Pileser III . (743 B.C.), and driven north of the Araxes, where he made See also:

• ARMAVIR

Armavir, Armauria, his capital . Interesting specimens c: Biainian See also:

• ART

art have been found on the site of the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of Rusas II., near Van . Shortly after 645 B.C. the kingdom See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell, possibly conquered by See also:

• CYAXARES (Pers. Uvakhshatra)

Cyaxares, and a way was thus opened for the See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration of the Aryan Armenians . The name Ararat is unknown to the Armenians of the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . The limits of the Biblical Ararat are not known, but they must have included the lofty Armenian plateau which overlooks the plain of the Araxes on the north, and that of See also:

• MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia on the south .

It is only natural that the highest and most striking mountain in the district should have been regarded as that upon which the Ark rested, and that the old name of the country should have been transferred to it . See also H . B . Lynch, Armenia (1901) ; See also:

• SAYCE, ARCHIBALD HENRY (1846- )

Sayce, " Cuneiform Inscriptions of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Van," in See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Royal See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic Society, vols. xiv., xx. and See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . ; See also:

• MASPERO, GASTON CAMILLE CHARLES (1846– )

Maspero, Histoire ancienne See also:

• DES

des peuples de l'Orient classique, tome iii., See also:

• LES

Les Empires (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1899) ; J . Bryce, See also:

• TRANSCAUCASIA

Transcaucasia and Ararat (4th ed., 1896) ; D . W . Freshfield, Travels in the Central See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus and See also:

• BASHAN

Bashan (1869); Parrot, Reise zum Ararat (1834); Wagner, Reise nach dem Ararat (1848); Abich, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Besteigung des Ararat (1849) ; articles " Ararat," in See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings' See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, and the See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Encyclopaedia Biblica . (C . W .