See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

INTERNATIONAL See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION

ARBITRATION  . See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

International See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

arbitration is a proceeding in which two nations refer their See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences to one or more selected persons, who, after affording to each party an opportunity of being heard, pronounce See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment on the matters at issue . It is understood, unless otherwise expressed, that the judgment shall be in accordance with the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law by which civilized nations have agreed to be See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound, whenever such law is applicable . Some authorities, notably the eminent Swiss jurist, J . K . See also:

• BLUNTSCHLI, JOHANN KASPAR (18o8—1881)

Bluntschli, consider that unless this tacit See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition is complied with, the See also:

• AWARD (from O. Fr. ewart, or esguart, cf. " reward ")

award may be set aside . This would, however, be highly inconvenient since international law has never been codified . A fresh arbitration might have to be entered on to decide (I) what the law was, (2) whether it applied to the See also:

• MATTER

matter in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . Arbitration differs from See also:

• MEDIATION (Lat. medius, middle)

Mediation (q.v.) in so far as it is a judicial See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act, whereas Mediation involves no decision, but merely See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice and suggestions to those who invoke its aid . Arbitral Tribunals.—An international arbitrator may be the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of a friendly See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, or he may be a private individual . When he is an See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, a See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, or a See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of a See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, it is not expected that he will act personally; he may appoint a delegate or delegates to act on his behalf, and avail himself of their labours and views, the ultimate decision being his only in name . In this respect international arbitration differs from See also:

• CIVIL

civil arbitration, since a private arbitrator cannot delegate his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office without See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express authority .

The See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy between the two fails to hold See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good in another respect also . In civil arbitration, the decision or award may be made a See also:

• RULE

rule of See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, after which it becomes enforceable by See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ of See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution against See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person or See also:

• PROPERTY

property . An international award cannot be enforced directly; in other words it has no legal See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction behind it . Its See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation rests on the good faith of the parties to the reference, and on the fact that, with the help of a See also:

• WORLD

world-wide See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press, public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion can always be brought to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear on any See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state that seeks to evade its moral See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty . The obligation of an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary treaty rests on precisely the same See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations . Where there are two or any other even number of arbitrators, See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision is usually made for an See also:

• UMPIRE

umpire (See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French sur-arbitre) . The umpire may be chosen by the arbitrators themselves or nominated by a neutral power . In the " See also:

• ALABAMA

Alabama " arbitration five arbitrators were nominated by the president of the See also:

• UNITED

United States, the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, the king of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, the president of the Swiss See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation, and the emperor of See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil respectively . In the See also:

• BERING (BEHRING), VITUS (1680-1741)

Bering See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea arbitration there were seven arbitrators, two nominated by See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, two by the United States, and the remaining three by the president of the French Republic, the king of Italy, and the king of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden and See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway respectively . In neither of these cases was there an umpire; nor was any necessary, since the decision, if not unanimous, See also:

• LAY

lay with the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority . (See See also:

• SEPARATE

separate articles on BERING SEA ARBITRATION and "ALABAMA" ARBITRATION.) Arbitral tribunals may have to See also:

• DEAL

deal with questions either of law or fact, or of both combined . When they have to deal with law only, that is to say, to lay down a principle or decide a question of liability, their functions are judicial or quasi-judicial, and the result is arbitration proper .

Where they have to deal with facts only, e.g. the evaluation of pecuniary claims, their functions are administrative rather than judicial, and the See also:

• TERM

term See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission is applied to them . " Mixed commissions," so called because they are composed of representatives of the parties in difference, have been frequently resorted to for delimitation of frontiers, and for settling the indemnities to be paid to the subjects of neutral See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers in respect of losses sustained by non-combatants in times of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war or civil insurrection . The two earliest of these were nominated in 1794 under the treaty negotiated by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• GRENVILLE (or GRANVILLE), SIR RICHARD (r600-1658)
• GRENVILLE (or GREYNVILE), SIR RICHARD (c. 1541-1591)
• GRENVILLE, GEORGE (1712-1770)
• GRENVILLE, SIR BEVIL (1596-1643)
• GRENVILLE, WILLIAM WYNDHAM GRENVILLE, BARON (1759-1834)

Grenville with Mr See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• JAY (Fr. geai)
• JAY, JOHN (1745-1829)
• JAY, WILLIAM (1769-1853)

Jay, commonly called the " Jay Treaty," their tasks being (I) to define the boundary between See also:

• CANADA

Canada and the United States which had been agreed to by the treaty signed at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1783; (2) to estimate the amount to be paid by Great Britain and the United States to each other in respect of illegal captures or condemnation of vessels during the war of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American Revolution . Although arbitrations proper may be thus distinguished from " mixed commissions," it must not be supposed that any hard or fast theoretical See also:

• LINE

line can be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn between them . Arbitrators strictly so called may (as in the " Alabama " See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case) proceed to award See also:

• DAMAGES (through O. Fr. damage, mod. Fr. dommage, from Lat. damnum, loss)

damages after they have decided the question of liability; whilst " mixed commissions," before awarding damages, usually have to decide whether the pecuniary claims made are or are not well founded . Awards.—International awards, as already pointed out, differ from civil awards in having no legal sanction by which they can be enforced . On the other hand, they resemble civil awards in that they may be set aside, i.e. ignored, for sufficient See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, as, for example, if the tribunal has not acted in good faith, or has not given to each party an opportunity of being heard, or has exceeded its See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction . An instance under the last See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head occurred in 1831, when it was referred to the king of the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands as See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole arbitrator to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-eastern boundary of the state of See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine . The king's representatives were unable to draw the frontier line by reason of the imperfection of the maps then in existence, and he therefore directed a further survey . This direction was beyond the terms of the reference, and the award, when made, was repudiated by the United States as void for excess . The point in dispute was only finally disposed of by the See also:

• WEBSTER
• WEBSTER, ALEXANDER (1707-1784)
• WEBSTER, BENJAMIN NOTTINGHAM (1797-1882)
• WEBSTER, DANIEL (1782-1852)
• WEBSTER, JOHN (fl. 1602-1624)
• WEBSTER, NOAH (1758-1843)
• WEBSTER, THOMAS (1773-1844)
• WEBSTER, THOMAS (1800-1886)

Webster-See also:

• ASHBURTON
• ASHBURTON, ALEXANDER BARING
• ASHBURTON, JOHN DUNNING, 1ST

Ashburton treaty of 1842 . Subject-matter.—The See also:

• HISTORY

history of international arbitration is dealt with in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

PEACE, where See also:

• TREATIES

treaties of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general arbitration are discussed, both those which embrace all future differences thereafter to arise between the contracting parties, and also those more limited conventions which aim at the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of all future differences in regard to particular subjects, e.g. See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce or See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation .

The rapid growth of international arbitration in See also:

• RECENT

recent times may be gathered from the following figures . Between 1820 and 1840, there were eight such instances; between 1840 and x86o, there were See also:

• THIRTY

thirty; between i86o and 188o, See also:

• FORTY

forty-four; between 188o and 1900, ninety . Of the governments which were parties in these several cases Great Britain heads the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list in point of See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, the United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America being a good second . See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and the Netherlands are the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European states next in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . The See also:

• PRESENT

present article is concerned exclusively with arbitration in regard to such existing differences as are capable of precise statement and of prompt See also:

• ADJUSTMENT (from late Lat. ad juxtare, derived from juxta, near, but early confounded with a supposed derivation from justus, right)

adjustment . These differences may be arranged in two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups: (a) Those which have arisen between state and state in their See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign capacities; (b) Those in which one state has made a demand upon another state, ostensibly in its sovereign capacity, but really on behalf of some individual, or set of individuals, whose interests it was bound to protect . To See also:

• GROUP

group (a) belong territorial differences in regard to ownership of See also:

• LAND

land and rights of fishing at sea; to group (b) belong pecuniary claims in respect of acts wrongfully done to one or more subjects of one state by, or with the authority of, another state . To enumerate even a tenth See also:

• PART

part of the successful arbitrations in recent times' would occupy too much space . Some prominent examples (dealt with elsewhere under their appropriate titles) are the dispute between the United States and Great Britain respecting the " Alabama " and other vessels employed by the Confederate See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government during the American Civil War (award in 1872); that between the same powers respecting the See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur-See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery in Bering Sea (award in 1893); that between Great Britain and See also:

• VENEZUELA

Venezuela respecting the boundary of See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• GUIANA (Guyana, Guayana')

Guiana (award in 1899) ; that between Great Britain, the United States and Portugal respecting the Delagoa railway (award in 1900); that between Great Britain and the United States respecting the boundary of See also:

• ALASKA

Alaska (award in 1903) . The See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-See also:

• STANDING

standing See also:

• NEWFOUNDLAND

Newfoundland fishery dispute with France (finally settled in 1904) is dealt with under Newfoundland . Other examples are shortly noticed in the tables on p . 329, which although by no means exhaustive, sufficiently indicate the See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope and trend of arbitration during the years covered .

The cases decided by the permanent tribunal at the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague established in 1900 are not included in these tables . They are separately discussed later . The Hague Tribunal.—The See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a permanent tribunal at the Hague, pursuant to the Peace See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention of 1899, marks a momentous See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch in the history of international arbitration . This tribunal realized an See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea put forward by See also:

• JEREMY, EPISTLE OF

Jeremy See also:

• BENTHAM, GEORGE (1800-1884)
• BENTHAM, JEREMY (1748-1832)

Bentham towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, advocated by See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 19th century, and worked out later by Mr See also:

• DUDLEY
• DUDLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF
• DUDLEY, EDMUND (c. 1462—1510)
• DUDLEY, SIR ROBERT (1573—1649)
• DUDLEY, THOMAS (1576-1653)

Dudley See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

Field in America, by Dr See also:

• GOLDSCHMIDT, HERMANN (1802-1866)

Goldschmidt in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• HORNBY, SIR GEOFFREY THOMAS PHIPPS (1825-1895)

Hornby and Mr Leone See also:

• LEVI, HERMANN (1839-1900)
• LEVI, LEONE (1821-1888)

Levi in England . The See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit of the realization is due, in the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, to the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, who initiated the Hague See also:

• CONFERENCE

Conference of 1899, and, in the second place to Lord See also:

• PAUNCEFOTE, JULIAN PAUNCEFOTE

Pauncefote (then Sir See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian Pauncefote, British See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador at See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington), who urged before a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of the conference the importance of organizing a permanent international court, the service of which should be called into requisition at will, and who also submitted an outline of the mode in which such a court might be formed . The result was embodied in the following articles of the Convention, signed on behalf of sixteen of the assembled powers on the 29th of See also:

• JULY

July 1899 . (See also:

• ART

Art . 23) . Each of the signatory powers is to designate within three months from the ratification of the convention four persons at the most, of recognized competence in international law, enjoying the highest moral See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration, and willing to accept the duties of arbitrators . Two or more powers may agree to nominate one or more members in See also:

• COMMON

common, or the same person may be nominated by different powers . Members of the court are to be appointed for six years and may be re-nominated . (Art .

25) . The signatory powers desiring to apply to the tribunal for the settlement of a difference between them are to notify the same to the arbitrators . The arbitrators who are to determine this difference are, unless otherwise specially agreed, to be chosen from the general list of members in the following manner:—each party is to name two arbitrators, and these are to choose a chief arbitrator or umpire (sur-arbitre) . If the votes are equally divided the selection of the chief arbitrator is to be entrusted to a third power to be named by the parties . (Art . 26) . The tribunal is to sit at the Hague when practicable, unless the parties otherwise agree . (Art . 27) . " The signatory powers consider it a duty in the event of an acute conflict threatening to break out between two or more of them to remind these latter that the permanent court is open to them . This See also:

• ACTION

action is only to be considered as an exercise of good offices." Several of the powers nominated members of the permanent court pursuant to Art . 25, quoted above, those nominated on behalf of Great Britain being Lord Pauncefote, Sir See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• MALET, LUCAS

Malet, Sir Edward See also:

• FRY
• FRY, ELIZABETH (178o-1845)
• FRY, SIR EDWARD (1827– )

Fry and See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Westlake .

On the See also:

• DEATH

death of Lord Pauncefote, See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major-General Sir John C . Ardagh was appointed in his place . Hague Cases.—(1) The first case decided by the Hague court was concerned with the " Pious Fund of the Californias." A fund bearing this name was formed in the 18th century for the purpose The pious of converting to the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic faith the native See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians of fund of Upper and See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California, both of which then belonged the See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

Call-to See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, and of maintaining a Catholic priesthood there. fernlas . By a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of 1842 this fund was transferred to the public See also:

• TREASURY

treasury of Mexico, the Mexican government undertaking to pay See also:

• INTEREST

interest thereon in See also:

• PERPETUITY (Lat. perpetuus, continuous)

perpetuity in furtherance of the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original donors . After the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of Upper California to the United States, effected by the treaty of Guadalupe See also:

• HIDALGO
• HIDALGO (a Spanish word, contracted from hijo d'algo or hijo de algo, son of something, or somewhat)

Hidalgo (1848), the Mexican government refused to pay the proportion of the interest to which Upper California was entitled . The question of liability was then referred to commissioners appointed by each state, and, on their failing to agree, to Sir Edward See also:

• THORNTON, HENRY (1760—1815)
• THORNTON, ROBERT (1623-1678)
• THORNTON, WILLIAM THOMAS (1813-188o)

Thornton, British See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister at Washington, who by his award, in 1875, found there was due from Mexico to Upper California, or rather to the bishops there as administrators of the fund, an arrear of interest amounting to nearly $See also:

• IOO

ioo,000, which was directed to be paid in See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold . This award was carried out, but See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of the current interest was again withheld as from the 24th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1868 . Claim was thereupon made on Mexico by the United States on behalf of the bishops, but without success . Ultimately, in May 1902, an agreement was come to between the two governments which provided for the settlement of the dispute by the Hague tribunal . The points to be determined were (I) whether the matter was res judicata by reason of Sir E . Thornton's award; (2) whether, if not, the claim for the interest was just . The arbitrators selected by the United States were Sir E .

Fry and Professor F. de See also:

• MARTENS
• MARTENS, GEORG FRIEDRICH VON (1756-1821)

Martens, and by Mexico, Professor See also:

• ASSER, or ASSERIUS MENEVENSIS (d. c. 910)

Asser and Professor de Savornin Lohman, both of See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam . These four (none of whom, it will be observed, was of the See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality of either party in difference) See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose for their umpire Professor Matzen, of See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, president of the Landsthing there . In October 1902, the court decided both questions in the affirmative, awarding the payment by Mexico of the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual sum claimed, not in gold, but en monnaie ayant See also:

• TOURS

tours legal au Mexique . The direction to pay in gold made by Sir E . Thornton was held to be referable only to the mode of the execution of the award, and therefore not to be chose jugee . (2) The second arbitration before the Hague court was more important than the first, not only because so many of the great powers were concerned in it, but also because it brought Great about the discontinuance of acts of war . The facts may Britain, be stated shortly thus . By three several protocols signed Germany at Washington in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1903, it was agreed that and Italy certain claims by Great Britain, Germany and Italy, on versus behalf of their respective subjects against the Venezuelan Venezuela, government should be referred to three mixed commissions, and that for the purpose of securing the payment of these claims 30 % of the customs revenues at the ports of La Guayra and Puerto Caballo should be remitted in monthly instalments to the representative of the See also:

• BANK

Bank of England at See also:

• CARACAS

Caracas . See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

Prior to the date of these protocols, an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt had been made by Great Britain, Germany and Italy to enforce their claims by See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade, and a further question arose as between these three powers on the one hand, and the United States of America, France, Spain, See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway, and Mexico (all of whom had claims against Venezuela, but had abstained from hostile action) on the other hand, as to whether the blockading powers were entitled to preferential treatment . By three several protocols signed in May 1903 this question was agreed to be submitted to the Hague court, three members of which were to be named as arbitrators by the tsar of Russia, but no arbitrator was to be a subject or See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of any of the signatory or creditor powers . The arbitrators named by the tsar were M . See also:

• MURAVIEV, MICHAEL NIKOLAIEVICH, COUNT (1845-1900)

Muraviev, minister of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice and See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney-general of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire; Professor Lammasch, member of the Upper See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament; and M. de Martens, then member of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs at St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg .

The arbitrators by their award in February 1904 decided unanimously in favour of the blockading powers and ordered payment of their claims out of the 30 % of the receipts at the two Venezuelan ports which had been set apart to meet them . (3) The third case before the Hague court was heard in 1904-1905 . A controversy not amenable to ordinary See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic met hods arose between Great Britain, France and Germany on (treat the one hand and See also:

• JAPAN

Japan Britaln, on the other hand as to Prance the legality of a house- and tax imposed by Japan on Qermany certain subjects of those Yere"s powers who held leases in Japan. perpetuity . The question turned upon the true construction of certain treaties between theEuropean powers and Japan which had been made a few years previously . By three protocols signed at See also:

• TOKYO (or TOKIO, formerly called Yedo)

Tokyo in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1902 this question was agreed to be submitted to arbitrators, members of the court at the Hague, one .to be chosen by each party with power to name an umpire . The arbitrators chosen were M . Renault, professor of the law See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty in Paris, and M . Montono, the See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy to the French See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . They named as their umpire and president M . See also:

• GRAM

Gram, ex-minister of the state of Norway . In May 1905, an award was pronounced by the majority (M . Gram and M .

Renault) in favour of the European contention, M . Montono dissenting both from the conclusion of his colleagues and from the reasons on which it was based . (4) Barely two months had elapsed since the date of the last award when the Hague Qreaf court was again called into Britain requisition . The See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of and the dispute this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time was on French the S.E. See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia. See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag at See also:

• MUSCAT, MUSKAT

Muscat, the capital of the muscat. See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• OMAN

Oman on that coast, is ruled by a See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan, whose See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence both Great Britain and France had, in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1862, " reciprocally engaged to respect." Notwithstanding this, the French republic had issued to certain native dhows, owned by subjects of the sultan, papers authorizing them to See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly the French flag, not only on the Oman littoral but in the Red Sea . A question thereupon arose as to the manner in which the privileges thereby purported to be conferred affected the jurisdiction of the sultan over such dhows, the masters of which, as was alleged, used their See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity from See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search for thepurpose of carrying on See also:

• CONTRABAND (Fr. contrebande, from contra, against, and bannum, Low Lat. for " proclamation ")

contraband See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in slaves, arms and See also:

• AMMUNITION

ammunition . In October 1904 the two governments agreed to refer this question to the Hague court . Chief Justice See also:

• MELVILLE, ANDREW (1545-1622)
• MELVILLE, ARTHUR (1858-1904)
• MELVILLE, JAMES (1556-1614)
• MELVILLE, SIR JAMES (1535-1617)

Melville W . See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

Fuller, of the Supreme Court of the United States, was named as arbitrator on the part of Great Britain, M. de Savornin Lohman, who had acted in the case of the Californias (No . I), as arbitrator on the part of France . The choice of an umpire was entrusted to the king of Italy . He named Professor Lammasch, who, as we have seen, had acted in the arbitration with Venezuela in 1903 . A unanimous award was made in August 1905 .

It was held that although generally speaking every sovereign may decide to whom he will See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord the right to fly his flag, yet in this case such right was limited by the general act of the See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels conference of July 1890 relative to the See also:

• AFRICAN

African slave trade, an act which was ratified by France on the 2nd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1892 ; that accordingly the owners and See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of dhows who had been authorized by France to fly the French flag before the last-named date retained this authorization Territorial Disputes (Ownership) . See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and Venezuela Great Britain and Portugal Great Britain and Portugal See also:

• ARGENTINE

Argentine Republic and See also:

• PARAGUAY

Paraguay Great Britain and Germany See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria and See also:

• SERVIA

Servia See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria and See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary Queen of Spain President of United States President of French Republic President of United States Mixed Commission Mixed Commission Mixed Commission (with President of Swiss Federal tribunal as umpire) See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island of Aves in Venezuela Island of Bulama on See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Coast of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa Delagoa See also:

• BAY

Bay (part of), Inyack and See also:

• ELEPHANT

Elephant Is . ,S . E . Africa Territory between the Verde and the Pilcomayo See also:

• RIVER

river of Paraguay Islets and See also:

• GUANO (a Spanish word from the Peruvian huanu, dung)

guano deposits on S.W . Coast of Africa . Territory near the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Bregovo Territory in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Upper Tatra 1857 1869 1872 1876 1885 1886 1902 Delimitation of Frontiers . 1869 1871 1873 1885 1890 1895 1897 190I 1903 Great Britain and the See also:

• TRANSVAAL

Transvaal Great Britain and the United States Italy and Switzer- land Great Britain and Russia France and Holland Great Britain and Portugal France and Brazil Great Britain and Brazil Great Britain and Portugal See also:

• LIEUTENANT

Lieutenant See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

Governor of See also:

• NATAL

Natal The See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Emperor Mixed Commission (with U . S . Minister at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome as umpire) Mixed Commission Tsar of Russia President of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Court of See also:

• APPEAL

Appeal President of the Swiss Confederation King of Italy King of Italy The See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern boundary of the S . African Republic The See also:

• SAN

San Juan See also:

• WATER

water boundary The See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

Canton of See also:

• TICINO (Fr. and Ger. Tessin)
• TICINO (Ger. Tessin, anc. Ticinus)

Ticino North-western See also:

• AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan French Guiana and Dutch Guiana Manicaland River Yapoe named in the Treaty of See also:

• UTRECHT
• UTRECHT, TREATY OF

Utrecht 1813 British Guiana Barotseland 1870 1872 1874 1887 1891 1897 1900 1904 1905 Pecuniary Claims in respect of Seizures and Arrests . United States and Portugal Great Britain and Brazil Great Britain and See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru United States and Spain Japan and Peru United States and See also:

• COLOMBIA

Colombia France and See also:

• NICARAGUA

Nicaragua United States and Spain United States and See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark Great Britain and the Netherlands President of French Republic King of the Belgians See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate of See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg Mixed Commission Tsar of Russia Mixed Commission French Court of Cassation Italian Minister at See also:

• MADRID

Madrid British Minister at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens Tsar of Russia, who delegated his duties to Professor F. de Martens Seizure of the American priva- teer " General See also:

• ARMSTRONG, ARCHIBALD (d. 1672)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1709-1779)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1758—1843)
• ARMSTRONG, SAMUEL CHAPMAN (1839—1893)
• ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM GEORGE ARMSTRONG, BARON (1810—1900)

Armstrong " See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

Arrest of three British See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the See also:

• SHIP

ship " La Forte " Arrest at See also:

• CALLAO

Callao of Capt .

Melville See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White, a British subject The American S.S . " See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col . See also:

• LLOYD, EDWARD (1845— )
• LLOYD, WILLIAM (1627–1717)
• LLOYD, WILLIAM WATKISS (1813–1893)

Lloyd Aspinwall " The Peruvian barque " Maria Luz " The American S.S . " Montijo" The French ship " Le Phare " The American S.S . " The Masonic " The S.S . " See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

Frank- lin" and the barque " See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta " Arrest of the master of the " See also:

• COSTA, GIOVANNI (1826–1903)
• COSTA, LORENZO (146o-r535)
• COSTA, SIR MICHAEL ANDREW AGNUS (1808-1884)

Costa Rica " packet (a British subject) 1851 1863 1863 1870 1873 1874 1879 1885 1888 1895 See also:

• DATES

Dates of agreement to refer . Parties . Arbitrating Authority . Subject-Matter . Date of award . 1865 18fo 1875 1878 1886 1887 1902 1852 1863 1864 1870 1875 1875 1880 1885 1890 1897 so long as France chose to renew it, but that after that date such authorization was improper unless the guarantees could establish that they had been treated by France as her proteges within the meaning of that term as explained in a treaty of 1863 between France and See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco . A further point decided was that the owners or master of dhows duly authorized to fly the French flag within the ruling of the first point, did not enjoy, in consequence of that fact, any such right of extra-territoriality as would exempt them from the See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty and jurisdiction of the sultan .

Such exemption would be contrary to the engagement to respect the independence of the sultan solemnly made in 1862 . Arbitral See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

Procedure.—Not the least of the benefits of the Hague convention of 1899 (strengthened by that of 1907) is that it contains rules of procedure which furnish a See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide for all arbitrations whether conducted before the Hague court or not . These may be summarized as follows:—The initial step is the making by the parties of a See also:

• SPECIAL

special agreement clearly defining the subject of the dispute . The next is the choice of the arbitrators and of an umpire if the number of arbitrators is even . Each party then by its agents prepares and presents its case in a narrative or argumentative See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, annexing thereto