See also:

• ARCHANGEL (ARCHANGELSK)
• ARCHANGEL (ARCHANGELSx)

ARCHANGEL (ARCHANGELSK)  , a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, bounded N. by the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea and See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic Ocean, W. by See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland and See also:

• OLONETS

Olonets, S. by See also:

• VOLOGDA

Vologda, and E. by the Ural mountains . It comprehends the islands of Novaya-Zemlya, See also:

• VAYGACH (variously Waigats, Waigatch, &c.)

Vaygach and See also:

• KOLGUEV

Kolguev, and the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula of See also:

• KOLA

Kola . Its See also:

• AREA

area is 331,505 sq. m., and its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population in 1867 was 275,779 and in 1897, 349,943 . The See also:

• PART

part which lies within the Arctic Circle is very desolate and sterile, consisting chiefly of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand and See also:

• REINDEER

reindeer See also:

• MOSS

moss . The See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter is See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and severe, and even in summer the See also:

• SOIL

soil is frozen . The See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers (Tuloma, See also:

• ONEGA

Onega, See also:

• DVINA

Dvina; Mezen and See also:

• PECHORA

Pechora) are closed in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September and scarcely thaw before See also:

• JULY

July . The Kola peninsula is, however, diversified by hills exceeding 3000 ft. in See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude and by large lakes (e.g . Imandra), and its See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast enjoys a much more genial See also:

• CLIMATE

climate . See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South of the Arctic Circle the greater part of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is covered with forests, intermingled with lakes and morasses, though in places there is excellent pasturage . Here the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring is moist, with See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, frosty nights; the summer a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of long foggy days; the autumn again moist . The rivers are closed from See also:

• OCTOBER

October to See also:

• APRIL

April . The inhabitants of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern districts—See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad tribes of See also:

• SAMOYEDES

Samoyedes, Zyryans, Lapps, and the Finnish tribes of Karelians and Chudes—support themselves by fishing and See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting .

In the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern districts See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp and See also:

• FLAX

flax are raised, but See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain crops are little cultivated, so that the bark of trees has often to be ground up to eke out the scanty See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• FLOUR

flour . Potatoes are grown as far See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north as 65° . See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

Shipbuilding is carried on, and the forests yield See also:

• TIMBER

timber, See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch and See also:

• TAR

tar . Excellent See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle are raised in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Kholmogory on the Dvina, veal being supplied to St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg . See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

Gold is found in the districts of Kola, See also:

• NAPHTHA

naphtha and See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt in those of Kem and Pinega, and See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite in Mezen . Sulphurous springs exist in the districts of Kholmogory and Shenkursk . The See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce are noticed below in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on the See also:

• TOWN

town See also:

• ARCHANGEL (ARCHANGELSK)
• ARCHANGEL (ARCHANGELSx)

Archangel, which is the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . The government is divided into nine districts, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief towns of which are—See also:

• ALEXANDROVSK

Alexandrovsk or Kola (pop . 3oo), Archangel (q.v.), Kem (1825), Kholmogory (1465), Mezen (2040), Novaya-Zemlya (See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island), Pechora, Pinega (r000) and Shenkursk (1308) . See A . P . See also:

• ENGELHARDT, JOHANN GEORG VEIT (1791-1855)

Engelhardt, A See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

Province of the North (Eng. trans., by H .

See also:

• COOKE, GEORGE FREDERICK (1756–1811)
• COOKE, JAY (1821–1905)
• COOKE, ROSE TERRY (1827-1892)

Cooke, 1899) .