Online Encyclopedia

ARCHANGEL (ARCHANGELSK)

Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V02, Page 356 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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ARCHANGEL (ARCHANGELSK)  , a government of
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European Russia, bounded N. by the White Sea and Arctic Ocean, W. by Finland and
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Olonets, S. by
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Vologda, and E. by the Ural mountains . It comprehends the islands of Novaya-Zemlya, Vaygach and
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Kolguev, and the peninsula of
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Kola . Its
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area is 331,505 sq. m., and its population in 1867 was 275,779 and in 1897, 349,943 . The
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part which lies within the Arctic Circle is very desolate and sterile, consisting chiefly of sand and
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reindeer
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moss . The winter is long and severe, and even in summer the
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soil is frozen . The rivers (Tuloma,
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Onega,
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Dvina; Mezen and
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Pechora) are closed in September and scarcely thaw before
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July . The Kola peninsula is, however, diversified by hills exceeding 3000 ft. in altitude and by large lakes (e.g . Imandra), and its coast enjoys a much more genial
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climate . South of the Arctic Circle the greater part of the country is covered with forests, intermingled with lakes and morasses, though in places there is excellent pasturage . Here the spring is moist, with cold, frosty nights; the summer a succession of long foggy days; the autumn again moist . The rivers are closed from
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October to
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April . The inhabitants of the
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northern districts—nomad tribes of
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Samoyedes, Zyryans, Lapps, and the Finnish tribes of Karelians and Chudes—support themselves by fishing and hunting .

In the

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southern districts hemp and
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flax are raised, but grain crops are little cultivated, so that the bark of trees has often to be ground up to eke out the scanty supply of
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flour . Potatoes are grown as far north as 65° .
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Shipbuilding is carried on, and the forests yield
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timber, pitch and
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tar . Excellent cattle are raised in the
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district of Kholmogory on the Dvina, veal being supplied to St
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Petersburg . Gold is found in the districts of Kola,
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naphtha and salt in those of Kem and Pinega, and lignite in Mezen . Sulphurous springs exist in the districts of Kholmogory and Shenkursk . The industry and commerce are noticed below in the article on the
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town Archangel, which is the capital . The government is divided into nine districts, the chief towns of which are—Alexandrovsk or Kola (pop . 3oo), Archangel (q.v.), Kem (1825), Kholmogory (1465), Mezen (2040), Novaya-Zemlya (island), Pechora, Pinega (r000) and Shenkursk (1308) . See A . P . Engelhardt, A
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Russian Province of the North (Eng. trans., by H .

Cooke, 1899) .

End of Article: ARCHANGEL (ARCHANGELSK)
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