See also:

• ARCHIL (a corruption of " orchil," Ital. oricello, the origin of which is unknown)

ARCHIL (a corruption of " orchil," Ital. oricello, the origin of which is unknown)  , a See also:

• PURPLE

purple dye obtained from various See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• LICHENS

lichens . See also:

• ARCHIL (a corruption of " orchil," Ital. oricello, the origin of which is unknown)

Archil can be extracted from many species of the genera Roccella, Lecanora, Umbilicaria, Parmelia and others, but in practice two species of Roccella—R. tinctoria and R. fuciformis— are almost exclusively used . These, under the name of " orchella See also:

• WEED, THURLOW (1797—1882)

weed " or " See also:

• DYER, JOHN (c. 1700-1758)
• DYER, SIR EDWARD (d. 1607)
• DYER, THOMAS HENRY (1804-1888)

dyer's See also:

• MOSS

moss," are obtained from See also:

• ANGOLA

Angola, on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, where the most valuable kinds are gathered; from Cape Verde Islands; from See also:

• LIMA

Lima, on the west coast of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America; and from the See also:

• MALABAR

Malabar coast of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . The colouring properties of the lichens do not exist in them ready formed, but are See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by the treatment to which they are subjected . A small proportion of a colourless, crystalline principle, termed orcinol (a dioxytoluene), is found in some, and in all a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid substances, erythric, lecanoric acids, &c . Orcinol in presence of See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen and See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia takes up See also:

• NITROGEN [symbol N., atomic weight 14.01, 0=16]

nitrogen and becomes changed into a purple substance, orceine (C7H7NO3), which is essentially the basis of all See also:

• LICHEN (lichen ruber)

lichen dyes . Two other colouring-matters, azoerythin and erythroleinic acid, are sometimes See also:

• PRESENT

present . Archil is prepared for the dyer's use in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a " liquor " (archil) and a " See also:

• PASTE (O. Fr. paste, modern pate, Late Lat. pasta, whence also in Span., Port. and Ital., from Gr. 1r&vrrl or 1raara, barley porridge, or salted pottage, ir&ao'ety, to sprinkle with salt)

paste " (See also:

• PERSIS (mod. Fars, q.v.)

persis), and the latter, when dried and finely powdered, forms the " cudbear " of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, a dye formerly manufactured in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland from a native lichen, Lecanora tartarea . The manufacturing See also:

• PROCESS

process consists in washing the weeds, which are then ground up with See also:

• WATER

water to a thick paste . If archil paste is to be made this paste is mixed with a strong ammoniacal See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution, and agitated in an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• CYLINDER (Gr. KvAwSpos, from KvXivaety, to roll)

cylinder heated by See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam to about 140° F. till the desired shade is developed—a process which occupies several days . In the preparation of archil liquor the principles which yield the dye are separated from the ligneous See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue of the lichens, agitated with a hot ammoniacal solution, and exposed to the See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . When See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium or See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium carbonate is added, a See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue dye known as See also:

• LITMUS (apparently a corruption of lacmus, Dutch lacmoes, lac, lac, and moes, pulp, due to association with " lit," an obsolete word for dye, colour; the Ger. equivalent is Lac/emus, Fr tournesol)

litmus, much used as an " See also:

• INDICATOR (from Lat. indicare, to point out)

indicator," is produced .

See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French purple or See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake is a lichen dye prepared by a modification of the archil process, and is a more brilliant and durable See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour than the other . The See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing of worsted and See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home-spun See also:

• CLOTH

cloth with lichen dyes was formerly a very See also:

• COMMON

common domestic employment in Scotland; and to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, in some of the See also:

• OUTER

outer islands, worsted continues to be dyed 'with " crottle," the name given to the lichens employed .