ARDENNES  , a See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France on the N.E. frontier, deriving its name from that of the See also:

• FOREST

forest, and formed in 1790 from parts of See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne, See also:

• PICARDY (La Picardie)

Picardy and Hainault . Pop . (1906) 317,505 . See also:

• AREA

Area, 2028 sq. m . It is bounded N. and N.E. by See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, E. by the department of See also:

• MEUSE
• MEUSE (Flem. Maes, Du. Maas)

Meuse, S. by that of See also:

• MARNE

Marne, and W. by that of See also:

• AISNE

Aisne . In shape it is See also:

• QUADRILATERAL

quadrilateral with a cape-like prolongation into Belgium on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north . The slope of the department is from north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, though its longest See also:

• RIVER

river, the Meuse, entering it in the south-east, pursues a winding course of 111 m. in a north-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly, and after-wards through deep See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges in a northerly, direction . The other See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal river, the Aisne, crosses the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern border and takes a northerly, then a westerly course, separating the region known as Champagne Pouilleuse from the more elevated See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of See also:

• ARGONNE

Argonne which forms the central See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone of the department and stretches to the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Meuse . The highest points of the department are found in the wooded See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands of the Ardennes which, with an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude varying between 98o and 164o ft., See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the north and north-east . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is comparatively mild in the south-west, but becomes colder and more See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy towards the north and north-east . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture is carried on to most See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage in the Champagne and Argonne . See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Wheat and oats are the predominant cereals .

Potatoes, See also:

• RYE

rye, See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

lucerne and other kinds of See also:

• FORAGE

forage are also important crops . Pasturage is found chiefly on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Aisne and Meuse and on the plateau of See also:

• ROCROI

Rocroi in the north . See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

Horse-raising is carried on in the neighbourhood of Buzancy in the south, and at Bourg-Fidele in the north . See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

Fruit-growing is confined to the west and central districts . The working of See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate is very important, especially in the neighbourhood of Fumay, and quarries producing freestone, See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and other minerals are found in several places . See also:

• FLOUR

Flour-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, saw-mills, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• WORKS

works, distilleries and See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather-works are scattered over the department, but See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding and various branches of See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal-working which are active along the valley of the Meuse (Nouzon, &c.) are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries . To these may be added See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool-See also:

• WEAVING

weaving, centred at See also:

• SEDAN

Sedan, and See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor industries such as the manufacture of See also:

• BASKET

basket-See also:

• WORK

work, wooden shoes, &c . See also:

• COAL

Coal and raw wool are prominent imports, while iron goods, See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, See also:

• TIMBER

timber, live-stock, See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol and the products of the See also:

• SOIL

soil are exported . Various branches of the Eastern railway See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse the department . The Meuse is canalized within the department, and the See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal See also:

• DES

des Ardennes, uniting that river with the Aisne, and the lateral canal of the Aisne are together about 65 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . Ardennes is divided into five arrondissements: See also:

• MEZIERES, PHILIPPE DE (c. 1327—1405)

Mezieres, Rocroi, See also:

• RETHEL
• RETHEL, ALFRED (1816–1859)

Rethel, Vouziers and Sedan, with 31 cantons and 503 communes . The department forms See also:

• PART

part of the ecclesiastical See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims and of the circumscriptions of the See also:

• APPEAL

appeal-See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• NANCY

Nancy and the VI. See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps .

In educational matters, it is included in the See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic (educational area) of See also:

• LILLE

Lille . Mezieres, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, See also:

• CHARLEVILLE

Charleville, Rocroi, Sedan and Rethel are the chief towns, Outside them its finest examples of See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture are the churches of Mouzon (13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century) and Vouziers (15th century) .