ARISTOMENES  , of Andania, the semi-legendary See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of the second Messenian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . He was a member of the Aepytid See also:

• FAMILY

family, the son of Nicomedes (or, according to another version, of See also:

• PYRRHUS (c. 318–272 B.C.)

Pyrrhus) and Nicoteleia, and took a prominent See also:

• PART

part in stirring up the revolt against See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta and securing the co-operation of See also:

• ARGOS

Argos and See also:

• ARCADIA

Arcadia . He showed such heroism in the first en-See also:

• COUNTER

counter, at Derae, that the See also:

• CROWN

crown was offered him, but he would accept only the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief . His daring is illustrated by the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story that he came by See also:

• NIGHT

night to the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of Athene " of the Brazen See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House " at Sparta, and there set up his See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield with the inscription, "Dedicated to the goddess by Aristomenes from the Spartans." His prowess contributed largely to the Messenian victory over the Spartan and Corinthian forces at " The See also:

• BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

Boar's See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

Barrow " in the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of Stenyclarus, but in the following See also:

• YEAR

year the treachery of the Arcadian See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king Aristocrates caused the Messenians to suffer a crushing defeat at " The See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• TRENCH, RICHARD CHENEVIX (1807-1886)

Trench." Aristomenes and the survivors retired to the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain stronghold of Eira, where they defied the Spartans for eleven years . On one of his raids he and fifty of his companions were captured and thrown into the Caeadas, the chasm on Mt . See also:

• TAYGETUS (Tavyeros or Tairyerov, mod. St Elias or Pentedaktylon)

Taygetus into which criminals were See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast . Aristomenes alone was saved, and soon reappeared at Eira: See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend told how he was upheld in his fall by an See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle and escaped by grasping the tail of a See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox, which led him to the hole by which it had entered . On another occasion he was captured during a truce by some Cretan auxiliaries of the Spartans, and was released only by the devotion of a Messenian girl who afterwards became his daughter-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . At length Eira was betrayed to the Spartans (668 B.C. according to See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias), and after a heroic resistance Aristomenes and his followers had to evacuate See also:

• MESSENIA (Gr. M€ rcr vrl or M€o o vta)

Messenia and seek a temporary See also:

• REFUGE

refuge with their Arcadian See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies . A desperate See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan to seize Sparta itself was foiled by Aristocrates, who paid with his See also:

• LIFE

life for his treachery . Aristomenes retired to Ialysus in See also:

• RHODES
• RHODES, CECIL JOHN (1853-1902)
• RHODES, JAMES FORD

Rhodes, where Damagetus, his son-in-law, was king, and died there while planning a See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to See also:

• SARDIS

Sardis and See also:

• ECBATANA (Agbatana in Aeschylus, Hangmatana in Old Persian, written Agamtanu by Nabonidos, and Agamatanu at Behistun, mod. Hamadan)

Ecbatana to seek aid from the Lydian and Median sovereigns (Pausanias iv . 14-24) .

Another tradition represents him as captured and slain by the Spartans during the war (See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, Nat . Hist. xi . 187; Val . See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

Maximus i . 8, 15; Steph . Byzant. s.v . 'Avbavla) . Though there seems to be no conclusive See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for doubting the existence of Aristomenes, his See also:

• HISTORY

history, as related by Pausanias, following mainly the Messeniaca of the Cretan epic poet Rhianus (about 230 s.c.), is evidently largely interwoven with See also:

• FICTIONS

fictions . These probably arose after the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of See also:

• MESSENE

Messene in 369 B.C . Aristomenes' statue was set up in the See also:

• STADIUM

stadium there: his bones were fetched from Rhodes and placed in a See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb surmounted by a See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column (Pans. iv . 32 . 3, 6); and more than five centuries later we still find heroic honours paid to him, and his exploits a popular subject of See also:

• SONG

song (ib. iv .

14 . 7; 16 . 6) . For further details see Pausanias iv.; See also:

• POLYAENUS

Polyaenus ii . 31; G . See also:

• GROTE, GEORGE (1794–1871)

Grote, History of See also:

• GREECE

Greece, pt. ii. See also:

• CHAP

chap. vii . ; M . See also:

• DUNCKER, MAXIMILIAN WOLFGANG (1811—1886)

Duncker, History of Greece, Eng. trans., See also:

• BOOK

book iv. chap. viii . ; A . Holm, History of Greece, Eng. trans., vol. i. chap. xvi . (M . N .

T.) 498 peoples who were inferior by nature and adapted to submission (riUo i boi Xo) ; such See also:

• PEOPLE

people had no " virtue " in the technical civic sense, and were properly occupied in performing the See also:

• MENIAL

menial functions of society, under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the apuvrot . Thus, combined with the criteria of descent, civic status and the ownership of the See also:

• LAND

land, there was the further See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of intellectual and social superiority . These qualifications were naturally, in course of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, shared by an increasingly large number of the See also:

• LOWER

lower class who See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke down the barriers of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and See also:

• EDUCATION

education . From this See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage the transition is easy to the See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy of wealth, such as we find at See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage and later at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, in periods when the importance of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce was See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount and See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile pursuits had cast off the stigma of inferiority (in Gr . (3avavvda) . It is important at this stage to distinguish between aristocracy and the feudal governments of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . In these it is true that certain See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was exercised by a small number of families, at the expense of the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority . But under this See also:

• SYSTEM

system each See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble governed in a particular See also:

• AREA

area and within strict limitations imposed by his See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign; no sovereign authority was vested in the nobles collectively . Under the conditions of the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the distinction of aristocracy, See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy and See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy cannot be rigidly maintained from a purely governmental point of view . In no See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case does the sovereign power in a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state reside any longer in an aristocracy, and the word has acquired a social rather than a See also:

• POLITICAL

political sense as practically See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to " See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility," though the distinction is sometimes See also:

• DRAWN

drawn between the " aristocracy of See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth " and the " aristocracy of wealth." See also:

• MODERN

Modern history, however, furnishes many examples of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in the hands of an aristocracy . Such were the aristocratic republics of Venice, See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa and the Dutch See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands, and those of the See also:

• FREE

free imperial cities in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, Such, too, in practice though not in theory, was the government of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain from the Revolution of 1689 to the Reform See also:

• BILL

Bill of 1832 . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French nobles of the Ancien Regime, denounced as " aristocrats " by the Revolutionists, had no See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share as such in government, but enjoyed exceptional privileges (e.g. exemption from See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation) .

This privileged position is still enjoyed by the heads of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German mediatized families of the " High Nobility." In Great Britain, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, though the aristocratic principle is still represented in the constitution by the House of Lords, the "aristocracy" generally, apart from the peers, has no See also:

• SPECIAL

special privileges .