See also:

• ARIZONA (from the Spanish-Indian Arizonac, of unknown meaning,—possibly " few springs,"-the name of an 18th-century mining camp in the Santa Cruz valley, just S. of the present border of Arizona)

ARIZONA (from the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish-See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Arizonac, of unknown meaning,—possibly " few springs,"-the name of an 18th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• MINING

mining See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp in the See also:

• SANTA

Santa Cruz valley, just S. of the See also:

• PRESENT

present border of Arizona)  , a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state on the S.W. border of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America, lying between 3r 2o' and 37° N. See also:

• LAT

lat. and 1090 2' and 114° 45' W. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . It is. bounded N. by See also:

• UTAH

Utah, E. by New See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, S. by Mexico and W. by See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California and See also:

• NEVADA
• NEVADA (a Spanish word meaning " snow-clad " or " snowy land," originally applied to a snow-capped mountain range on the Pacific slope)

Nevada, the See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado See also:

• RIVER

river separating it from California-and in See also:

• PART

part from Nevada . On the W. is the'See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

Basin . See also:

• ARIZONA (from the Spanish-Indian Arizonac, of unknown meaning,—possibly " few springs,"-the name of an 18th-century mining camp in the Santa Cruz valley, just S. of the present border of Arizona)

Arizona itself is mostly included in the great and mountainous uplift of the Rocky See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain region, and partly within the See also:

• DESERT

desert See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain region of the Gulf of California, or Open Basin region . The whole state lies on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western exposure of a great roof whose See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest, along the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental See also:

• DIVIDE

divide in western New .Mexico, pitches southward . Its altitudes vary from 12,800 ft. to less than . 1 oo f t. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . Of its See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of 113,956 sq. m . (See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface, 116 sq. m.), approximately 39,000 See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie below 3000 ft., 27,000 from 3000 to 5000 ft., and 47,00o above 5000 ft . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—Three characteristic physiographic regions are distinctly marked: first the great Colorado See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

Plateau, some 45,000 sq. in. in area, embracing all the regiomN. and E. of a See also:

• LINE

line See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from the See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• WASH, THE

Wash Cliffs in the N.W. corner of the state to its E. border near See also:

• CLIFTON

Clifton; next a broad See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone of compacted mountain ranges with a See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern limit of similar trend; and lastly a region of desert plains, occupying somewhat more than the S.W. See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the state . The plateau region has an See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 6000-8000 ft. eastward, but it is much broken down in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . The plateau is not a plain .

Itisdominated by high mountains,. gashed by superb canyons of See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, scarred with dry gullies and washes, the beds of intermittent streams, varied with great shallow basins, sunken deserts, dreary levels, bold buttes, picturesque mesas, forests and rare verdant bits of valley . In the N.W. there is a giddy drop. into the tremendous cut of. the Grand See also:

• CANYON (Anglicized form of Span. canon, a tube, pipe or cannon; the Spanish form being also frequently written)

Canyon (q.v.) of the Colorado river . The surface in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general is See also:

• ROLLING

rolling, with a See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle slope See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward, and drains through the Little Colorado (or Colorado Chiquito), Rio Puerco and other streams into the Grand Canyon . Along the Colorado is the Painted Desert, remarkable for the See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours—red, See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue, See also:

• PURPLE

purple, yellow and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white—of its sandstones, shales and See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays . Within the desert is a petrified See also:

• FOREST

forest, the most remarkable in the United States . The trees are of mesozoic See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, though mostly washed down to the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the mesas in which they were once embedded, and lying now amid deposits of a later. See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . Blocks and logs of See also:

• AGATE

agate, See also:

• CHALCEDONY, or CALCEDONY (sometimes called by old writers cassidoine)

chalcedony, See also:

• JASPER

jasper, See also:

• OPAL

opal. and other silicate deposits lie in hundreds over an area of 6o sq. m . The forest is now protected ' as a See also:

• NATIONAL

national reserve against vandalism and commercialism . Every-where are evidences of water and See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind erosion, of See also:

• DESICCATION (from the Lat. desiccare, to dry up)

desiccation and See also:

• DIFFERENTIAL

differential weathering . This is the See also:

• HISTORY

history' of the mesas, which are the most characteristic scenic feature of the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands . The marks of volcanic See also:

• ACTION

action, particularly See also:

• LAVA

lava-flows, are also abundant and widely scattered . Separating the plateau from the mountain region is an abrupt transition slope, often deeply eroded, See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the entire state as has been indicated .

In localities the slope is a true escarpment falling 15o and even 250 ft. per mile . In the See also:

• AUBREY, JOHN (1626-1697)

Aubrey Cliffs and along the Mogollon See also:

• MESA (Span. mesa, from Lat. mensa, a table)

mesa, which for about 200 M. parts the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Gila and the Little Colorado, it often has an elevation of moo to 2000 ft., and the ascent is impracticable through long distances to the most daring climber, It is not of course every-where so remarkable, or even distinct, and especially after its trend turns southward W. of Clifton; it is much broken down and obscured by erosion and lava deposits . The mountain region has a width of 7o to 15o m.; and is filled with See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short parallel ranges trending parallel to the plateau escarpment . Many of the mountains, are See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct volcanoes . In the See also:

• SAN

San Francisco mountains, in the north central part of the state, three peaks rise to from io,000 to 12,794 ft.; three gthers are above 9000 ft.; all are eruptive cones, and among the lesser summits are old cinder cones . The S.E. corner of Arizona is a region of greatly eroded ranges and gentle aggraded valleys . This mountain zone has an average elevation of not less than 4000 ft., while in places its crests are sooty ft. above the plains below . The line dividing the two regions runs roughly from Nogales on the Mexican border, past See also:

• TUCSON (possibly from Piman styuk-son, " dark or brown spring," pronounced Tooson)

Tucson; See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence and See also:

• PHOENIX
• PHOENIX (Gr. 4oivt )

Phoenix to Needles (California), on the W. boundary . These plains, the third or desert region of the state, have their mountains also, but they are See also:

• LOWER

lower, and they are not compacted; the plains near the mountain region slope toward the ' Gulf of California across wide valleys separated by isolated ranges, then across broad desert stretches traversed by rocky ridges, and finally there is no obstruction to the slope at all . Small parts of the desert along the Mexican boundary are shifting. See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—As may be inferred from the physical description, Arizona has a wide variety of See also:

• LOCAL

local climates . In general it is characterized by wonderfully clear See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air' and extraordinarily, See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low humidity .

The scanty rainfall is distributed from See also:

• JULY

July to See also:

• APRIL

April, with marked excess from July to See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September and a lesser maxi-mum in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December . May and See also:

• JUNE

June are very dry . Often during a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month, sometimes for several months, no See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain falls over the greatest part of Arizona . Very little, rain comes from the Pacific or the Gulf of California, the mountains and desert, as well as the adverse winds, making it impossible . Rain and See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow fall usually from clouds blown from the Gulf of Mexico and not wholly dried in See also:

• TEXAS

Texas . The mountainous areas are the only ones of . adequate precipitation; the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern slope of the Colorado Plateau is almost destitute of water; the region of least precipitation is the "desert " region . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual rainfall varies from amounts of 2 to 5.5 in. at various points in the lower gulf valley, and on the western border to amounts of 25 to 30 in. in the mountains . The highest recorded maximum in Arizona is 35 in . The proportion of perfectly clear days in the See also:

• YEAR

year varies at different points from a See also:

• HALF

half to two-thirds; of the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest not more than half are without brilliant See also:

• SUNSHINE

sunshine part of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . Local thunderstorms and See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

cloud-bursts are a characteristic phenomenon, inundating limited areas and transforming dried-up streams into muddy torrents carrying boulders and debris . Often in the plateau See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country the dry under-air absorbs the rain as it falls; and rarely in the See also:

• HOPI

Hopi Country do flooded gullies " run through " to the Little Colorado . The country of the cliff-dwellers in the N.E. is desert-like .

Only points high in See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude catch much rain . Mountain snows feed the Gila, the Little Colorado, and the Colorado rivers . The Colorado, apart from the Gila, draws little water from Arizona . The mountain zone W. of See also:

• PRESCOTT, WILLIAM HICKLING (1796-1859)

Prescott drains into the Colorado, and to the S. and E. into the Gila; and the latter is by far the heavier drainage in See also:

• VOLUME

volume . The floods come in May and June, and during the wet See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season the rivers, all with steep beds in their upper courses, wash along detritus that lower down narrows, and on smaller streams almost chokes, their courses . These gradients enable the inconstant streams tributary to the Colorado to carve their canyons, some of which are in themselves very remarkable, though insignificant beside the Grand Canyon . Many streams that are turned in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring or by summer cloud-bursts into torrents are normally See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere water films or dry gulches . Even the Gila is dry in its See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed part of the year at its mouth near Yuma . From the Gila to the southern boundary the parched See also:

• LAND

land gives no water to the sea, and the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international boundary runs in part through a true desert . In the hot season there is almost no surface water . Artesian See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells are used in places; as in the stock country of the Baboquivari valley . The temperature of Arizona is somewhat higher than that of points of equal See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude on the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts .

In the mountains on the plateau it ranges from that of the temperate zone to that of regions of perpetual snow; S. of the mountains it ranges from temperate heats in the foothills to semi-tropic See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat in the lower valleys of the Gila and Colorado . The average annual temperature over the region N. of 349 N. is about 550; that of the region S. is about 68° . The warmest region is the lower Gila valley . Here the hottest temperature of the year hovers around 130°°, the mean for the hottest month (July) is about 98°, and the mean for the year is from 68.9°-74.40 F. at different points . Some parts of the See also:

• SANTA

Santa Cruz valley are equally hot . In the hottest (western) portions of the true desert on the Mexican border the daily maximum temperature is about ro° F.; but owing to the rapid See also:

• RADIATION, THEORY OF

radiation in the dry, clear, cloudless air the temperature frequently falls 40—50° in the See also:

• NIGHT

night . The coldest points on the high plateau have annual means as low as 45-48°, and a mean for the coldest month at times below 20° F . The range from high to low extreme on the plateau may be as great as 125°, but in the S.W. it is only about 7o-8o° F . The daily variation (not uncommonly 6o° F.) is of course greatest in the most arid regions, where radiation is most rapid . And of all Arizona it should be said that owing to the extreme dryness of the air, evaporation from moist surfaces is very rapid,' so that the high temperatures here are decidedly less oppressive than much lower temperatures in a humid See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere . The great difference between See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute and sensible temperature is a very important See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic characteristic 'of Arizona . Generally speaking, during two-thirds'of the year the temperature is really delightful; the nights are cool, the mornings bracing, the days mild though splendid .

Intense heat prevails in July, See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August and September . In lowness of humidity (mean annual relative humidity at Yuma about 39, at Phoenix 36.7, at Tucson 37.8) and clarity of atmosphere, southern Arizona rivals Upper See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and other famous arid See also:

• HEALTH

health resorts . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna and See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—Within the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of Arizona are areas representative of every See also:

• LIFE

life zone See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the humid tropical . From ' At Yuma, Phoenix and Tucson, the records of twenty-six, eighteen and fifteen years respectively show a See also:

• RATE

rate of evaporation 35.2, 12'7. and 7.7 times as great as the mean annual rainfall, which was 2.84 in., 7.06 in. and 11-7 in. for the places named . U . 18the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the San Francisco Mountains one may pass rapidly through all these down into' the Painted Desert . The Boreal-See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian, Transition and Upper Sonoran embrace the highlands . Coyotes are very See also:

• COMMON

common; See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild. See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats and mountain lions are fairly plentiful . See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

Deer and See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope are represented by various See also:

• SPECIES

species . See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

Prairie-See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs, See also:

• JACK

jack-rabbits, crows and occasional ravens, See also:

• QUAIL (0. Fr. Quaille, Mod. Fr. Caille, Ital. Quaglia, Low Lat. Quaquila, Du. Kwakkel and Kwartel, Ger. Wachtel, Dan. Vagtel)

quail, See also:

• GROUSE

grouse, pheasants and wild turkeys are also noteworthy in a rather scant See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal life . Characteristic forms of the Upper Sonoran zone are the burrowing See also:

• OWL (O. Eng. Ule, Swed. Uggla, Ger. Eule—all allied to Lat. Ulula, and evidently of imitative origin)

owl; Nevada See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage-See also:

• THRUSH (A. S. Prysce, Icel. priistr, Norw. Trast, O. H. Ger. Drosce, whence the mod. Ger. prossel, to be compared with the analogous English form Throstle,l now almost obsolete, both being apparently diminutives)

thrush, sage-thrasher and See also:

• SPECIAL

special species of orioles, See also:

• KANGAROO

kangaroo rats, mice, rabbits and squirrels . The Lower Sonoran covers the greatest part of southern and western Arizona, as well as the immediate valleys of the Colorado and Little Colorado rivers .

Its animal life is in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main distinguished in species only from that of the Upper Sonoran See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt, including among birds, the desert See also:

• SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

sparrow, desert thrasher, mocking-See also:

• BIRD

bird, hooded See also:

• ORIOLE (O. Fr. Oriol, Lat. aureolus)

oriole; and among mammals small nocturnal species of kangaroo rats, See also:

• POCKET

pocket mice, mice and bats . Jaguars occasionally stray into Arizona from Mexico . Lizards and toads are conspicuous in the more desert areas . See also:

• SNAKES

Snakes are not numerous . The Gila-See also:

• MONSTER (Lat. monstrum, from root of monere, to warn; i.e. something terrible or portentous)
• MONSTER, GEORG, COUNT ZU (1776-1844)

monster, See also:

• TARANTULA

tarantula, the See also:

• SCORPION (Lat. Scorpio)

scorpion and' thelyphonus, scolopender and julus occur in some localities in the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy season . The Arid-Tropical zone is represented by a narrow belt along the lower Colorado river, with a short See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm extending into the valley of the Gila . The country is so arid that it supports only desert birds and mammals . Camels were very successfully employed as See also:

• PACK (apparently from the root pak-, paq-, seen in Lat. pangere, to fasten; cf. " compact ")
• PACK, OTTO VON (c. 1480-1537)

pack animals on the Tule desert in the palmy days of See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City, Nevada, before the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways . The general conditions of See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of the fauna of Arizona are shown even more distinctly by the flora . There are firs and spruces on the mountains, characteristic of the Boreal zone; pines characteristic of the Transition zone; pinon See also:

• JUNIPER

juniper, greasewood and the universally conspicuous sage-See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

brush, characteristic of the Upper Sonoran zone . In the Lower Sonoran belt, soapweed, acacias (Palo Verde or Perkinsonia torreyana), agaves, yuccas and dasylirions, the See also:

• CREOSOTE, CREASOTE

creosote See also:

• BUSH

bush and See also:

• MESQUITE, or HONEY LOCUST

mesquite See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, See also:

• CANDLE (Lat. candela, from candere, to glow)

candle See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, and' about seventy-five species of cactuses—among them omnipresent opuntiae and great columnar " Chayas "—make up a striking vegetation, which in its colours of duly See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey and See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive harmonizes well with the rigidity and forbidding barrenness of the plains.' It has' exercised' profound See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence upon the See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, arts, faiths and general culture of the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians . In places the See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant See also:

• CACTUS

cactus grows in groves, attaining a height of 40 and even 5o ft .

The mesquite varies in See also:

• SIZE

size from a tangled thorny See also:

• SHRUB

shrub to a spreading tree as much as 3 ft. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter and 5o ft. high;' it is normally perhaps half as high, and 6-8 in. in diameter . Enduring hardily great extremes of heat and moisture, it is throughout the arid South-west the most important, and in many localities the only important, native tree . From the great juicy, leafless, branchless stalk of the See also:

• YUCCA

yucca, See also:

• SOAP

soap is prepared, and strong See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres useful in making See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, rope' and fabrics . The' fibre of the See also:

• AGAVE

agave is also made into rope and its juice into See also:

• PULQUE, or PULQUE FUERTE

pulque . The canaigre grows wild and is also cultivated . It is easy to exaggerate greatly the barrenness of an arid country . There are See also:

• FINE

fine indigenous See also:

• GRASSES

grasses that spring up over the mesas after the summer rains, furnishing range for live-stock; some are extraordinarily See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the rainfall . In the most arid' regions there is a small growth of See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green in the rainy season, and a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich display of small wild-See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, as well as the enormous See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower clusters of the yucca, and blooms in See also:

• PINK

pink and See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange, See also:

• CRIMSON

crimson', yellow and See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet of the giant cactus and its See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows . Even in the Mexican border, "desert See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, juniper and manzanita See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the mountains and there is a' vigorous though short-lived growth of 'grasses and flower from' July to See also:

• OCTOBER

October . The cliff-dweller country supports 'a scant vegetation—a few cottonwood in the washes, a few cedars on the mesas . Continuous forest areas are scant . A See also:

• FAIR

fair variety of trees—cottonwood, sycamore, ash, See also:

• WILLOW (Salix)

willow, See also:

• WALNUT (Juglans)

walnut and See also:

• CHERRY

cherry—grow in thickets in the canyons, and each mountain range is a forest area .

Rainfall varying with the altitude, the lower See also:

• TIMBER

timber line below which precipitation is insufficient to sustain a growth of trees is about 7000 ft., and the upper timber line about 51,500 ft . to Oaks, juniper, pinon, cedars, yellow See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine, See also:

• FIR

fir and spruce grow on the mountains and over large areas of the plateau country.' The Coconino forest is one of the largest unbroken pine forests (about 6000 sq. m.) in the United States . Since 1898 about 86 % of the wooded lands have been made reservations, and See also:

• WORK

work has been done also to preserve the forest areas in the mountains in the south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, from which there are few streams of permanent flow to the enclosing arid valleys . See also:

• SOIL

Soil.—The soils in the southern part of Arizona are mainly sandy loams, varying from See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam to heavy, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• ADOBE (pronounced a-db-be; also corrupted to dobie; from the Span. adobar, to plaster, traceable through Arabic to an Egyptian hieroglyph meaning " brick ")

adobe; on the plateaus is what is known as " mesa '' soil; and along the rivers are limited overflow plains of fine sediment—especially along the Colorado and the river Verde . These soils are in general rich, but deficient in See also:

• NITROGEN [symbol N., atomic weight 14.01, 0=16]

nitrogen and somewhat in humus; and in limited areas white alkaline salts are injuriously in excess . Virgin soils are densely compact . By far the most useful crops are leguminous' green See also:

• MANURES

manures, especially See also:

• ALFALFA

alfalfa, which grows four to seven cuttings in a year and as a soil flocculator and nitrogen-storer has proved of the greatest value . The greatest obstacle to See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture is lack of water . Artesian wells are much used in the south-east . For the See also:

• RESERVATION (Lat. reservare, to keep back)

reservation of the water-partings —in the past considerably denuded by lumbermen and ranchmen —the increase of the forest areas, and the creation of reservoirs along the rivers, to See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control their erratic flow' and impound their See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste for purposes of See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation, much has been done by the national See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . The irrigated areas are only little spots along the permanent streams . In 190o the See also:

• FARM

farm area was only 2.7 % of the total area of the state and only 0.31 % was actually improved (including See also:

• INDIAN

Indian reservations, 0.35%; in 1906, 0.92% was cultivated); of the land actually under crops, 88.5 % was irrigated .

The improved acreage more than quintupled from 188o to 1900 . The total irrigated area in 1900 was 185,000 acres and in 1902, 247,250 acres . The increase in land values by irrigation from 1890 to 1900 is estimated at $3,500,000 . A See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir was begun in 1904 just below the junction of the Tonto and the See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

Salt with capacity to See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store 1,330,000 See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre-ft. for irrigation, and develop also an electric See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power sufficient to See also:

• PUMP

pump underground water for an additional 50,000 acres at the lowest estimate3 of lands lying too high for See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply by gravity . Another important undertaking begun about the same time was the throwing of an East Indian See also:

• WEIR (from O. Eng. wer, a dam; cognate with werian, to defend, guard; cf. Ger. Wehr, defence)
• WEIR, ROBERT WALTER (1803-1889)

weir See also:

• DAM

dam . (the only one in the United States) across the Colorado near Yuma, and the confinement of both sides of the lower Gila and Colorado with levees . Agriculture.—Strawberries and See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara See also:

• DATES

dates; alfalfa, See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn and See also:

• SORGHUM

sorghum; oranges,. lemons, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine grapes, limes, See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

olives, See also:

• FIGS

figs, dates, peanuts and sweet potatoes; yams and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar See also:

• BEETS, NIKOLAAS (1814-1903)

beets, show the range of agricultural products . The date See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm fruits well; figs grow luxuriantly, though requiring much irrigation; almonds do well if protected from spring frosts; sea-See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton grows in the finest grades, but is not of commercial importance . The country about Yuma is particularly suited to subtropical fruits . Temperate fruits—peaches, See also:

• PEARS

pears, apples, apricots and small fruits—do excellently; as do all important vegetables . The See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry is becoming more and more important . Farming is very intensive, and See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop follows crop in See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession; in 1905 the yield of barley, per acre, 44 bushels, was greater than in any other state or territory, as was the farm See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price per See also:

• BUSHEL (from the O. Fr. boissiel, cf. med. Lat. bustellus, busellus, a little box)

bushel on the 1st of December, 81 cents; the average yield per acre of See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay was the highest in the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union in 1903, 3'46 tons, the general average being 1.54 tons,was See also:

• FOURTH

fourth in 1904, 2.71 tons (Utah 3' 54, See also:

• IDAHO

Idaho 3.07, Nevada 3.04), the general average being 1'52 tons, and was highest in 1905, 3'75 tons, the general average for the country being 1.54 tons; and in the same three years the average value per acre of hay was greater in Arizona than in any other state of the Union, being $35.78 in ' The San Francisco yellow pine forest, with an area of some 4700 sq. m., is the finest forest of the arid south-west .

2 The combined flow of the Salt and Verde varies from See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo to more than lo,000 cub. ft. per second . ' The dam locks a narrow canyon . The height is 284 ft., the water rising 230 ft. against it . The storage capacity is exceeded by probably but one reservoir in the See also:

• WORLD

world—the Wachusett reservoir near See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston.1903, $40.22 in 1904, and $46.39 in 1905, the general averages fot the country being $13'93, $13'23 and $13.11 respectively, for the three years . . Of the total farm acreage of the state 97.6% were held in 1900 by the whites; and of these 80.2 % owned in whole or in part the land they cultivated . Stock-raising is a leading industry, but it has probably attained its full development . The over-See also:

• STOCKING (a diminutive of " stock," post, stump, properly that which is stuck or fixed)

stocking of the ranges has caused much loss in the past, and the almost total eradication of fine native grasses over extended areas . Of the neat See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle (7,042,635) almost 98 %, and of the See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep (861,761) almost too %, were in 1900 pastured wholly or in part upon the public domain . The See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of national forest reserves and the regulations enforced by the United States government for the preservation of the ranges have put limits to the industry . In 1900 the value of live-stock represented 15.7 % of the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital invested in agriculture; the value of animals sold or slaughtered for See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food ($3,204,758) was half the total value of all farm products ($6,997,097) . See also:

• OSTRICH

Ostrich farms have been successfully established in the Salt river valley since 1893; in 1907 there were six farms in the Salt river valley, on which there were about 1354 birds; the most successful food for the ostrich is alfalfa . Minerals.—See also:

• MINING

Mining is the leading industry of Arizona .

Contrary to See also:

• VENERABLE (Lat. venerabilis, worthy of reverence, venerari, to reverence, to worship, allied to Venus, love; the Indo-Germ. root is wen-, to desire, whence Eng. " win, properly to struggle for, hence to gain)

venerable traditions there is no See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that mining was practised beyond the most inconsiderable extent by See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines, See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish conquistadores, or See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits . In 1938 an extraordinary See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of See also:

• SILVER

silver nuggets, quickly exhausted (1741), was discovered at Arizonac . At the end of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the Mexicans considerably See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed the mines in the south-east . The second half of the 19th century witnessed several great finds; first, of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold placers on the lower Gila and Colorado (1858-1869); later, of lodes at Tombstone, which flourished from 1879-1886, then decayed, but in 1905 had again become the centre of important mining interests; and still later the development of See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper mines at See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome and around Bisbee . Several of the Arizona copper mines are among the greatest of the world . The Copper See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen at Bisbee from 1880-19o2 produced 378,047,210 lb of crude copper, which was practically the total output of ,the territory till after 1900, when other valuable mines were'gpened; the Globe, Morenci and Jerome districts are secondary to'l3isbee . Important mines of gold and silver, considerable deposits of See also:

• WOLFRAMITE, or WOLFRAM

wolframite, valuable ores of ;See also:

• MOLYBDENUM [symbol, Mo; atomic weight, 96 (0=16)]

molybdenum and See also:

• VANADIUM

vanadium, and quarries of See also:

• ONYX

onyx See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, are also worked . Low-grade See also:

• COAL

coal deposits occur in the east central part of the state and near the junction of the Gila and San Pedro rivers . Some fine gems of See also:

• PERIDOT

peridot, See also:

• GARNET
• GARNET, or GARNETT, HENRY (1555—1606)

garnet and See also:

• TURQUOISE

turquoise have been found . The See also:

• MINERAL

mineral products of Arizona for 1907 were valued at $56,753,650;ofwhich$51,355,687 (more than thatof anyotherstate) was the value of copper; $2,664,000, gold; and $1,916,000, silver . In 1907 the legislature passed an elaborate See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act providing for. the See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation of mines, its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal clause being that the basis of valuation for taxation in each year be one-fourth of the output of the mines in question for the next preceding year . Manufactures.—The manufacturing industries are of relatively slight importance, though considerable promise attends the experiments with canaigre as a source of See also:

• TANNIN, or TANNIC ACID

tannin .

The See also:

• NAVAHO, or NAVAJO

Navaho and Moqui Indians make woollen blankets and rugs and the Pimas baskets . Onyx See also:

• MARBLES

marbles of local source are polished at Phoenix . The capital invested in manufacturing industries increased from $9,517,573 in 1900 to $14,395,654 in 1905, or 51'3%, and the value of products from $20,438,987 in 1900 to $28,083,192 in 1905, or 37'4 % . Of the total product in 1905 the product of the principal industry, the smelting and refining of copper ($22,761,981), represented 81.1%; it was 9.4% of all the smelting and refining of copper done in the United States in that year . The other manufactures were of much less importance, the principal ones being cars and general See also:

• SHOP

shop construction, including See also:

• REPAIRS (from Lat. reparare, to make ready again)

repairs by See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam railway companies ($1,329,308), See also:

• LUMBER

lumber and timber products ($960,778), and See also:

• FLOUR

flour and grist See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill products ($743,124) . Two transcontinental railway systems, the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe, were built across Arizona in 1878-1883 . They are connected by one line, and a feeder runs S. into Sonora . The railway mileage of Arizona on the 1st of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1908 was 1935'35 M . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.—The population of Arizona in 188o was 40,440; in 189o, 59,620; in 1900, 122,931 (including 28,623 reservation Indians not counted before