ARKANSAS  , one of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Central states of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America, situated between 89° 40' N. and 94° 42' W., bounded N. by See also:

• MISSOURI

Missouri, E. by the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi See also:

• RIVER

river, separating it from See also:

• TENNESSEE

Tennessee and Mississippi, and W. by See also:

• TEXAS

Texas and See also:

• OKLAHOMA (a Choctaw Indian word meaning " red people ")

Oklahoma . Its See also:

• AREA

area is 53,335 sq. m., of which 810 are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface . Arkansas lies in the drainage See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the See also:

• LOWER

lower Mississippi, and has a remarkable river See also:

• SYSTEM

system . The Arkansas bisects the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state from W. to E.; along its valley See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest and largest settlements of the state . Nine other considerable streams drain the state; of these, the Red, the Ouachita, the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White and the St See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis are the most important . There are a number of swamps and bayous in the eastern See also:

• PART

part . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—The surface of Arkansas is the most diversified of that of any state in the central Mississippi valley . It rises, sloping upward toward the N.W., from an See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of less than 300 ft. in the south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east to heights of 2000 ft. and more in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter . There are four physiographic regions: two of See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands; one of river valley See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain separating the two highland areas; while the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth is a region of hills, lowlands and scanty See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

prairie . The last covers the E. See also:

• HALF

half of the state, and is part of the Gulf or coastal plain See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of the United States . If a See also:

• LINE

line be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from the point where the Red river cuts the western boundary to where the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black cuts the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern, E: of it is the Gulf plain and W. of it are the highlands (over 500 ft.) and the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral regions of the state . They are divided by the valley of the Arkansas river into two regions, which are also structurally different .

South of the river are the Ouachita Mountains, and north of it are the See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston Mountains . The Ouachita Mountains are characterized by See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close folding and faulting . Their See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern edge is covered with cretaceous deposits, and their eastern edge is covered as well with the See also:

• TERTIARY

tertiary deposits of the Gulf plains . The Arkansas valley is marked by wide and open folding . The Boston Mountains are substantially a continuation of the Ozark See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome of Missouri . Their northern border is marked by an escarpment of 500 to 700 ft. in height . The trend is from E. to W. between551 Batesville and Wagoner, Oklahoma . In structure they are monoclinical, their rocks—sandstones and shales—being laid southward and blending on that See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side with the Arkansas valley region . The entire region is very much dissected by streams, and the See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography is characteristically of a See also:

• TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

terrace and escarpment type . In the highlands N. of the Arkansas the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is very irregularly broken ; S. of the river the hills lie less capriciously in See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, high ranges, with See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low, fertile valleys between them . The Ouachitas extend 200 in., from within Oklahoma (near Atoka) to central Arkansas, near Little' See also:

• KOCK, CHARLES PAUL DE (1793-1871)

kock . They are characterized by See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, low ridges bearing generally W.-E., with wide, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat valleys .

Near the western boundary of the state they attain a maximum See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 2900 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, and 2000 ft. above the valleys of the Arkansas and Red river; falling in elevation eastward (as westward) to 500-700 ft. at their eastern end: Five peaks rise above 2000 ft . See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain, 2833 ft. above the sea-level and 2350 ft. above the surrounding country, is the highest point between the Alleghanies and the Rockies . Altitudes of 2250 ft. are attained in the Boston Mountains, which are the highest portion of the Ozark uplift, and the most picturesque . The streams are vigorous, and in their lower courses flow in deep-cut See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges, 500 to loon ft. deep, almost deserving the name of canyons . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main streams are tortuous, and their dendritic tributaries have cut the region into ridges . The mountains do not fill the N.W. quarter of the state, and are separated from a lower, greatly eroded highland region on their N. by a bold escarpment 500 to 1000 ft. in height . Along the upper course of the White river in the Bostons and in the country about Hot Springs in the Ouachitas is found the most beautiful scenery of the highlands; few regions are more beautiful . The valley region embraces the bottom-Iands along the Mississippi, and up the Arkansas as far as See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

Pine See also:

• BLUFF (a word of uncertain origin; possibly connected with an obsolete Dutch word, blaf, broad)

Bluff, and the See also:

• CYPRESS (Cupressus)

cypress swamp country of the St Francis . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate of the state is " southern," owing to the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the Gulf of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico . The mean temperatures for the different seasons are normally about 41.6°, 61.1°, 78.8° and 61.9° F. for See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, summer and autumn respectively . The normal mean precipitations are about 11.7, 14.5, 10.5 and 10.2 in. for the same seasons . The extreme range of the monthly isotherms See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the state is from about 350 in winter to 81° F. in summer, and the range of See also:

• ANNUAL

annual isotherms from about 540 to 6o° F .

That is, the variation of mean annual temperatures for different parts of the state is only 6° F . The variation of the mean annual temperature for the entire state is only 4° (from 59 to 63° F.) . The variation of precipitation is as See also:

• GREAT

great as 30 in . (from 34 to 64 in.) according to locality . There is little See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow, no severe winter See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, and no summer drought . Sheltered valleys in the interior produce spring crops three or four See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks earlier than is usual in See also:

• KANSAS (known as the Sunflower State ")

Kansas . The climate is generally healthy . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—Arkansas lies in the humid, or Austroriparian, area of the Lower Austral See also:

• LIFE

life-See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone, except the highlands of theMzark uplift and Ouachita Mountains, which belong to the humid, or Carolinian, area of the Upper Austral . The state possesses a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• FAUNA

fauna and flora . From an economic standpoint its forests deserve See also:

• SPECIAL

special mention . The See also:

• FOREST

forest lands of the state include four-fifths of its area, and three-fourths are actually covered by See also:

• STANDING

standing See also:

• TIMBER

timber . Valuable trees are of great variety: See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar, See also:

• CATALPA

catalpa, red See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar, sweet-See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum, See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch-See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye, sassafras, See also:

• PERSIMMON

persimmon; ash, See also:

• ELM

elm, sycamore, See also:

• MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL, BART

maple, a variety of pines, pecan, See also:

• LOCUST

locust, See also:

• DOGWOOD (i.e. wood of the dog-tree; referred by the New English Dictionary to " dog," apparently as indicating inferiority; but by others connected with " (lag," " dagger," and by Prior with A.S. dolt, a brooch-pin)

dogwood, See also:

• HICKORY

hickory, various oaks, See also:

• BEECH

beech, See also:

• WALNUT (Juglans)

walnut and cypress are all abundant .

There are one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and twenty-nine native See also:

• SPECIES

species of trees . The yellow pine, the white See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak and the cypress are the most valuable growths . The northern See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods are mainly hard; the yellow pine is most characteristic of the heavy woods of the south central counties; and magnificent cypress abounds in the north-east . Hard woods grow even on the alluvial lands . " The hard-wood forests of the state are hardly surpassed in variety and richness, and contain inestimable bodies of the finest oak, walnut, hickory and ash timber " (U.S . See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

Census, 1870 and 1900) . The growth on the alluvial bottoms and the lower uplands in the E. is extraordinarily vigorous . The leading species of the Appalachian woodland maintain their full vigour of growth nearer to the margin of forest growth in this part of the Mississippi valley than in any other part of the United States; and some species, such as the See also:

• HOLLY (Ilex Aquifolium)

holly, the osage See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange and the pecan, attain their fullest growth in Arkansas <Shaler) . There are two Federal forest reserves (4968 sq. m.) . See also:

• SOIL

Soil.—The soils of Arkansas are of See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar variety . That of the highlands is mostly but a thin covering, and their larger portion is relatively poorly fitted for See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture . The uplands are generally fertile .

Their poor soils are distinctively sandy, those of the lowlands clayey; but these elements are usually found combined in rich loams characterized by the predominance of one or the other constituent . Finally the alluvial bottoms are of wonderful richness . Agriculture.—This variety of soils, a considerable range of moderate altitudes and favourable factors of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat and moisture promote a rich diversity in agriculture . Arkansas is predominantly an agricultural state . The See also:

• FARM

farm area of 186o was only 28.2 % of the whole area of the state, that of 1900 (16,636,719 acres) was 49 %; and while only a fifth .of this farm area was actually improved in 186o, two-fifths were improved in 'goo; thus, the part of the state's area actually cultivated approximately quadrupled in four decades . The value of products in 1900 ($79.6 millions) was 44 % of the See also:

• TOTAL

total farm values ($181.4 millions) . The rise in average value of farm lands since 1870 has not been a fifth of the increase of the aggregate value of all farm See also:

• PROPERTY

property . The See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War wrought a havoc from which a full recovery was hardly reached before 189o . The economic See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of the state since Reconstruction has been in the main that See also:

• COMMON

common to all the old slave states developing from the See also:

• PLANTATION (Lat. plantare, to plant)

plantation system of ante-bellum days, somewhat diversified and complicated by the special features of a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young and border community . The farms of Arkansas increased in number 357.8 %, in area 7.3.7 % and in total true (as distinguished from tax) valuation about 53'8 % between 186o and 190o; the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade of most extraordinary growth being that of 1870-1880 . Thus Arkansas has shared that fall in the average See also:

• SIZE

size of farms common to all sections of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union (See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the north central) since 185o, but especially marked since the Civil War in the " Cotton States," owing to the sub-See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of large holdings with the introduction of - the See also:

• TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenant system . The rapidity of the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement has not been exceptional in Arkansas, but the size of its average farm, less in 185o than that of the other cotton states, was in 1900, 93.1 acres (108.8 for white farmers alone, 49.0 for blacks alone), which was even less than that of the North See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic states (96.5 acres, the smallest sectional unit of the Union) .

The percentage of farms worked by owners See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell from 69.r % in 188o to 54.6 %o in 1900; the difference of the balances or 14'5 % indicates the increase of tenant holdings, two-thirds of these being for shares . It is interesting to compare in this See also:

• MATTER

matter the whites and the negroes . In actual See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers the white farmers heavily predominate, whether as owners, tenants for See also:

• CASH

cash or tenants on shares; but if we look at the numbers within each See also:

• RACE

race holding by these respective tenures (65•o, 8.7 and 26.3 % respectively for whites; 25'6, 33'7 and 40.7 % for negroes, in 1900), we see the lesser See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of the See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer . The cotton counties, which are the counties of densest coloured habitancy, exemplify this fact with great clearness . The few negroes in the white counties of the uplands are much better off than those in the cotton low-lands; more than three times as large a-part of them owners; the poorer See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element is segregated in the cotton region . In Arkansas, as elsewhere in the south, negro tenants, like white tenants, are more efficient than owners working their own lands . The black farmer is in bondage to cotton; for him still " Cotton is See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King." He gives it four-fifths of his See also:

• LAND

land; while his white See also:

• RIVAL

rival allows it only a quarter of his, less by half than the area he gives to live-stock, dairying, See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay and grains . At Sunnyside, on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• BANK

bank of the Mississippi, negro tenant farmers have been practically forced out of business by Italians, who produced in 1899-1904 more than twice as much See also:

• LINT (in M. Eng. linnet, probably through Fr. linette, from lin, the flax-plant; cf. " line ")

lint cotton per working See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and 70 % more per See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the negro in agriculture is shown also by the fact that more than four-fifthsof the farm acreage and farm values of the state are in the hands of the whites . The white farmer gives an outlay in labour and fertilizers on his farm greater by 61.4% than the black, gathers a produce greater by 22.5%, and possesses a farm of a value 53.5% greater (Census, 1900) . - Cotton is the leading product . It absorbs about a third of the area under crops, and its returns ($28,000,000 in 1899) are about a half of the value of all crops .

A part of the cotton lands of Arkansas are among the richest in the south . Other distinctively southern products (See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, &c.) are of no importance in Arkansas . Cereals are given more than twice as much acreage as cotton, but yield only a third as great aggregate returns, See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn being much the most remunerative; about three-fourths of the cereal acreage are given to its cultivation, and it ranks after cotton in value of See also:

• HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

harvest) . Forall the other See also:

• STAPLE

staple agricultural products of the central. states the showing of Arkansas is uniformly See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, but not noteworthy . - But its See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank as a See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit-growing country is exceptional . Plums, prunes, peaches, See also:

• PEARS

pears and grapes are cultivated very generally over the western half of the state (grapes in the east also), but with greatest success in the south-west; apples prosper best in the north-west . Small berries are a very important product . All fruits are of the finest quality . For apples the state makes probably a finer showing than that of any other state except See also:

• OREGON

Oregon . About ninety varieties are habitually entered in See also:

• NATIONAL

national competitions . The fruit See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry generally has See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed with extreme rapidity . Manufactures.—Although Arkansas is rich in minerals and in forests, in 1900 only 2 % of its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population were engaged in manufacturing .

But the development has been rapid; the value of products multiplied seven times, the See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages paid nine, and the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital invested twelve, in the years 1880-1900; and the increase in the same categories from 1900-1905 was 35, 42.8 and 82'4 % respectively .2 It must be noted as characteristic of the state that of the total manufactures in 1905, 8o•3 % were produced in rural districts (83.7 in two) . About two-thirds of the increase between 1890 and 1900 was in the See also:

• LUMBER

lumber industry which was of slight importance before the former See also:

• YEAR

year; it repre sented more than half the total value of the manufactures of the state in 1905 (output, 1905, $28,065,171 and of See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill products $3,786,772 additional); in the value of lumber and timber products the state ranked See also:

• SIXTH

sixth among the states of the United States in 1900, and seventh in 1905 . After the lumber and timber industry ranked in 1905 the manufacture of cotton-See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed oil and cake ($4,939,919) and See also:

• FLOUR

flour and grist milling . Cotton ginning increased 739 % from 1890 to 1900 Minerals.—The progress of See also:

• COAL

coal-See also:

• MINING

mining has been a striking feature of the state's See also:

• ECONOMY

economy since 1880 . The See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field extends from Oklahoma eastward' to central Arkansas, along both sides of the Arkansas river . A See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of 5000 tons (short) in 1882 became 542,000 tons in 1891 and 2,229,172 tons in 1903—a maximum for the state up to 1905; in 1907 the yield was 2,670,438 tons, valued at $4,473,693; the value of the product in-creased more than eight-See also:

• FOLD

fold in 1886-19oo . The United States See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

Geological Survey estimates that three-fourths of the coal area (over 1700 sq. m.) can made commercially productive . Apart from coal the great and varied mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of the state has been only slightly utilized . The great See also:

• ZINC

zinc and See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead area along the northern border in the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau portion of the Ozark region has proved a disappointment in development; the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron areas have hardly been touched, and the product of the exceptionally promising deposits of See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese lost ground after 1890 before 1 For 1906 the Yearbook of the U . S . See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of Agriculture reported the following See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics for Arkansas:—Indian corn, 52,802,659 bu., valued at $24,817,207; oats 3,783,706 bu., valued at $1,589,157; See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, 1,915,250 bu., valued at $1.,436,438; See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, 131,440 bu., valued at $111,724; See also:

• RYE

rye, 23,652 bu., valued at $19,631; potatoes, 1,666,960 bu.; valued at $x,116,863; hay, 113,491 tons, valued at $1,123,561 . 2 The special census of. the manufacturing industry for 1905 was concerned only with the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment conducted under the so-called " factory system "; for purposes of comparison the figures for 1900 have been reduced to the same See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard, and this fact should be See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne in mind with regard to the percentages of increase given above .

the output of See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia and See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia . Among the products of the rich See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone quarries of the state, only that of abrasive stones is important in the markets of the Union; the novaculites of Arkansas are among the finest whetstones in the See also:

• WORLD

world . Deposits of true See also:

• CHALK

chalk are utilized in the manufacture of See also:

• PORTLAND
• PORTLAND, EARL OF
• PORTLAND, ISLE OF
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM BENTINCK, EARL
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM HENRY CAVENDISH BENTINCK

Portland See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement for See also:

• LOCAL

local markets . The chalk region lies in the S . E. part of the state, S. of the Ouachita Mountains . See also:

• BAUXITE

Bauxite was discovered in the state in 1887, and the product increased from 5045 long tons in 1899 to 50,267 long tons in 1906, the production for the whole country in 1899 being 35,280 long tons and in 1906 75,332 long tons . The only other states in which bauxite was produced during the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period were See also:

• ALABAMA

Alabama and Georgia, which in this respect have greatly declined in importance relatively to Arkansas . Extremely valuable and varied marls, kaolins and See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays, See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller's See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, asphaltum and mineral See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters show special promise in the state's industry . In 1906 diamonds were found in a See also:

• PERIDOTITE

peridotite See also:

• DIKE, or DYKE (Old Eng. dic, a word which appears in various forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch dijk, German Teich, Danish dige, and in French, derived from Teutonic, digue; it is the same word as " ditch " and is ultimately connected with the ro

dike in See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

Pike See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county 22 m . S . E. of See also:

• MURFREESBORO

Murfreesboro; this is the first place in North America where diamonds have been found in situ, and not in glacial See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit or in river See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel . Communications.—The See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers afford for See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft (of not over 3 ft. draft) about 3000 M. of navigable waters, a river system unequalled in extent by that of any other state .

The labours of the United States See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government have much extended and very greatly improved this See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation, materially lessening also the frequency and havoc of floods along the rich bottom-lands through which the rivers plough a tortuous way in the eastern and southern portions of the state . As a result of these improvements land and timber values have markedly risen, and great impetus has been given to See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic on the rivers, which carry a large part of the cotton, lumber, coal, stone, hay and See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous freights of the state . The greatest of these See also:

• INTERNAL

internal improvements is the St Francis See also:

• LEVEE (from Fr. lever, to raise)
• LEVEE (from the French substantival use of lever, to rise; there is no French substantival use of levee in the English sense)

levee, from New See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, Missouri, to the mouth of the St Francis, 212 M. along the Mississippi; an area of 3500 sq. in., of exceptional fertility, is here reclaimed at a cost of about $1500 per sq. m . (as compared with $ro,000 per sq. in. for the 2500 sq. m. reclaimed by the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile See also:

• WORKS

works at See also:

• ASSUAN

Assuan and See also:

• ASSIUT, or SLUT

Assiut) . Whether with regard to area or population, Arkansas is also relatively well supplied with See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways (4,472.8 M. at the end of 1907) . A state railway See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission controls transportation rates, which are also somewhat checked by the competition of river freights . There is also a considerable passenger traffic on the Arkansas . Population.—The population in 1910 was 1,J74,449 . The growth in 1880-1900 is shown by the following table: Census Total %White%Negro Average % Increase by decades . Year . Pop . Per sq. m .

Pop . Pop . Total . Whites . Negroes . 188o 802,525 73.7 26.3 15.1 65.6 63.3 72.4 1890 1,128,211 72.6 27.4 21.5 40.6 38.4 46.6 1900 1,311,564 72.0 28.0 25.0 16.3 15.4 18.7 In 190o the rank of the state in total population was twenty-fifth, and in negro population tenth . The proportion of the coloured element steadily See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose from 1 r % in 182o to 28 % in 1900, at which See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time there were more than a dozen counties along the border of the Mississippi and. lower Arkansas in which the negroes numbered 5o to 89 % of the total . They have never been a large element in the highland counties; it was these counties which were most strongly Unionist at the time of the Civil War, and which to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day are the region of diversified industry . About a ninth of the state's population is gathered into towns of more than 2000 inhabitants . Fort See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith (pop . 11,587 in 190o), Little See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock, the state capital (38,307), and Pine Bluff (11,496) lie in the valley of the Arkansas . In 1900 a dozen other towns had a population exceeding 2500, the most important being Hot Springs (9973), See also:

• HELENA
• HELENA, ST (c. 247-c. 327)

Helena (5550), See also:

• TEXARKANA

Texarkana (4914), Jonesboro (4508), See also:

• FAYETTEVILLE

Fayetteville (4061), See also:

• EUREKA

Eureka Springs (3572), See also:

• MENA, JUAN DE (1411–1456)
• MENA, PEDRO DE (d. 1693)

Mena (3423) and Paragould (3324) .

See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign See also:

• BLOOD

blood has only very slightly permeated the state; negroes and -native whites of native parents make up more than 95 % of its population . See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

Immigration is almost entirely from other southern states . The strongest religious sects are the Methodists and See also:

• BAPTISTS

Baptists.553 Government.—The See also:

• PRESENT

present constitution of the state See also:

• DATES

dates from 1874 (with amendments) . Few features See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark it off from the usual type of such documents . The See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor holds See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for two years; he has the pardoning and See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, but his veto may be overridden by a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority in each See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of the whole number elected to that house (a See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision unusual among the state constitutions of the Union) . There is no See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-governor . The legislature is bicameral, senators holding office for four years, representatives (about, thrice as numerous) for two . The length of the See also:

• REGULAR

regular biennial legislative sessions is limited to sixty days, but by a See also:

• VOTE

vote of two-thirds of the members elected to each house the length of any session may be extended . Special sessions may be called by the governor . A majority of the members elected to each of the two houses suffices to propose a constitutional See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

amendment, which the See also:

• PEOPLE

people may then accept by a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere majority of all votes See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast at an See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election for the legislature (an unusually democratic provision); no more than three amendments, however, can be proposed or submitted at the same time . The supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court has five members, elected by the people for eight years; they are re-eligible . The population of the state entitles it to seven representatives in the national House of Representatives, and to nine votes in the Electoral See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College (census of 'goo) .

Elections of members of the state legislature and of See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress are not held at the same time— a very unusual provision . Elections are by Australian See also:

• BALLOT (from Ital. ballotta, dim. of balla, a ball)

ballot; the constitution prescribes that no See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law shall " be enacted whereby the right to vote at any election shall be made to depend upon any previous See also:

• REGISTRATION

registration of the elector's name " (extremely unusual) . The qualifications for See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage include one year's, See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in the state, six months in the county, and one See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month in the voting See also:

• DISTRICT

district, next before election; idiots, insane persons, convicts, See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians not taxed, minors and See also:

• WOMEN

women are disqualified; aliens who have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States vote on the same terms as actual citizens . An amendment of 1893 requires the See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of a See also:

• POLL

poll-tax See also:

• RECEIPT (M.E. receite, derived through Fr. from Lat. recepta, participle of recipere, to receive)

receipt by every voter (except those " who make satisfactory See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that they have attained the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty-one years since the time of assessing taxes next preceding " the election) . There is nothing in the constitution or See also:

• LAWS

laws of Arkansas with any apparent tendency to disfranchise the negroes; there are statutory provisions (1866-1867) against intermarriage of the races and constitutional and statutory (1886-1887) provisions for See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, a " Jim See also:

• CROW (Dutch, kraal, Ger. Krdhe, Fr. corbeau, Lat. corvus)

Crow " law (1891) requires railways to provide separate cars for negroes, and a law (1893) provides for separate railway waiting-rooms for negroes . Giving or accepting a See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge to a See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel bars from office, but this survival of the ante-bellum social life is to-day only reminiscent . Declared atheists are similarly disqualified . There is no constitutional provision for a census . See also:

• MARRIAGE

Marriage is pronounced a civil See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract A law for compulsory See also:

• EDUCATION

education was passed in 1909 . See also:

• FINANCE

Finance.—The constitution makes 1 % on the assessed valuation of property a maximum limit of state See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation for See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary expenses, but by an amendment of 1906 the legislature may See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy three See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills on the See also:

• DOLLAR

dollar per annum for common schools; and may " authorize school districts to levy by a vote of the qualified See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors of such district a tax not to exceed seven mills on the dollar in any year for school purposes." The state See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt in 1874 was $12,108,247, of which about $9,370,000 was incurred after the Civil War for internal improvement schemes . This new debt was practically repudiated in 1875 by a decision of the supreme court, and completely set aside in 1884 by constitutional amendment . Until 'goo, when an See also:

• ADJUSTMENT (from late Lat. ad juxtare, derived from juxta, near, but early confounded with a supposed derivation from justus, right)

adjustment of the matter was reached, there was also another disputed debt to the national government, owing to the collapse in 1839 of a so-called Real See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

Estate Bank of Arkansas, in which the state had invested more than $5oo,000 paid to it by the United States in See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange for Arkansas bonds to be held as an investment for the Smithsonian Institution, on which bonds the state defaulted after 1839 .

If the unacknowledged debt be included (as it often is; and hence the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of reference to it), very few states—and those all western or southern—have a heavier See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden per capita . But the acknowledged debt was in 1907 only $1,250,500, and this is 554 not a true debt, being a permanent school fund that is not to be paid off; of this total in 3 % bonds, $1,134,500 is held by the common'schoois and $116,000 by the state university . In See also:

• NET

net combined state and local debt, Arkansas ranks very low among the states of the Union . The hired labourer suffers from the " See also:

• TRUCK

truck " system, taking his pay in See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board and living, in goods, in See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade on his employer's See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit at the See also:

• VILLAGE

village See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store; the See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent farmer suffers in his turn from unlimited credit at the same store, where he secures everything on the credit of his future crops; and if he is reduced to See also:

• BORROW, GEORGE HENRY (18o3-1881)