ARMENIAN See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE  . The Armenian See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language belongs to the See also:

• GROUP

group called Indo-See also:

• EUROPEAN

European, of which the Iranic and Indic See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues formed one See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch, and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek, Albanian, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic, Germanic L8°g`' and Baltic-See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic dialects the other See also:

• GREAT

great branch . Unlike most of these, Armenian lost its genders See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before the See also:

• YEAR

year A.D . 400, when the existing literature begins . See also:

• MODERN

Modern See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian similarly has lost gender; and in both cases the liberation must have been due to See also:

• ATTRITION (Lat. attritio, formed from atterere, to rub away)

attrition of other tongues which had a different See also:

• SYSTEM

system of gender or none at all . So the Armenians were ever in contact on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north with the See also:

• IBERIANS (Iberi, "I(3r7Aes)

Iberians of the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus who had none, and with the Semitic races on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east which had other ways of forming genders than the Indo-European tongues . From the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Armenian stock can be readily distinguished a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of Old and See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Persian See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan-words . These are so numerous that for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Armenian was classed as an Iranian See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue . For more than a thousand years, say until A.D . 640, See also:

• ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia was an See also:

• APPANAGE, or APANAGE (a French word from the late Lat. apanagium, formed from apanare, i.e. panem porrigere, to give bread, i.e. sustenance)

appanage of the See also:

• REALM

realm of the Persians and Parthians . Until A.D . 428 the Armenian See also:

• THRONE

throne was occupied by a younger branch of the Arsacid See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty that ruled in See also:

• PERSIA

Persia until the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of the Sassanids (c .

A.D . 226), and the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal polity and See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of Armenia were modelled on the Persian or See also:

• PARTHIAN

Parthian . Accordingly over 200 proper and See also:

• PERSONAL

personal names in Armenia were Old Persian, as well as 700 names of things . If we See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count in the derivative forms of these words we get at least 2000 Old Persian words . Often the same Persian word was borrowed twice over in an earlier and later See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form at an See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of centuries, just as in See also:

• ENGLISH

English we inherit a word See also:

• DIRECT

direct or have taken it from Latin, and have also assimilated from See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French a later form of the same . The Persian See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in Armenian was already strong as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 400 B.C., when See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon used a Persian interpreter to converse . In some of the Armenian villages they answered him in Persian .. The Persian loan-words already See also:

• PRESENT

present in Armenian as early as A.D . 400 See also:

• MIRROR (through O. Fr. mirour, mod. miroir, from a sup-posed Late Lat. miratorium, from mirari, to admire)

mirror the earlier See also:

• POLITICAL

political and social See also:

• LIFE

life of Armenia . Thus many of their See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings and nobles had Persian names; Persian also were most words used in connexion with horses and the See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

chase; with See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, with See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress, See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and coinage, See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar, weights and See also:

• MEASURES

measures, with court and political institutions, with See also:

• MUSIC

music, See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, school, See also:

• EDUCATION

education, literature and the arts . Many everyday words were of the same origin, e.g. the words for See also:

• VILLAGE

village, See also:

• DESERT

desert, See also:

• BUILDING

building and build, need, See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich or liberal, See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm (of See also:

• BODY

body), See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod or goad, See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, opposite, wicked, unfriendly, discontented, difficult, daughter, eulogy, a youth, wary, enjoy, unhappy, volition, voluntary, unwilling, See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind, cautious, See also:

• BLOOD

blood-See also:

• KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

kin, See also:

• COQUET (pronounced C6cket)
• COQUET (pronounced co-kette)

coquet with, slumber, humble, mad, See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace or favour, memory or See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, grandfather, old woman, prepared, See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty, necessary, end, endless, See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior, confident, See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake, warmth, See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory . The language of their old See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion was mainly Persian, but in the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century they derived numerous ecclesiological words from the Syrians, from whom by way of See also:

• EDESSA
• EDESSA (mod. , Vodena)

Edessa and See also:

• NISIBIS (Nasibina in the Assyrian inscriptions)

Nisibis See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity penetrated eastern Armenia .

The language of the See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden and the names of See also:

• PLANTS

plants were also Persian . They had their own numerals, but the words for one thousand and for ten thousand are Persian . Yet more indicative of the extent of the Persian influence is the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of the adjectival ending -akan and -zan, added to purely Armenian words; also of the preposition See also:

• HAM

ham, answering to See also:

• CON

con in " conjoin," " conspire," added to purely Armenian words, as in hambarnam, I take away, and hamboir, a See also:

• KISS

kiss, a word which, See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange to say, the Iberians in turn borrowed from the Armenians . From Persia also the Armenians took their names for surrounding races, e.g . Tatshik or See also:

• TAJIK, or PARSIWAN

Tajik, first for Arab and then for Turk, Ariq for Persians, Kapkoh for Caucasus, Hrazdan, Vaspuragan, &c . The Armenians See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call themselves See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

Hay, plural Hayq; their See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country Hayasdan . The Iberians they called Virq or Wirq (where q marks the plural), the Medes Marq, the Cappadocians Gamirq (Cimmerians), the Greeks nines or See also:

• IONIANS

Ionians; See also:

• ARARAT
• ARARAT (Armen. Massis, Turk. Egri Dagh, i.e. " Painful Mountain," Pers. Koh-i-Nuh, i.e. " Mountain of Noah,")

Ararat they call Masis, the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates the Aradsan, the See also:

• TIGRIS (Old Persian Tigrd, Diklat of the cuneiform inscriptions, Hiddekel of the Old Testament, Diglath of the Targum, Digla of the Arabs)

Tigris Teglath, See also:

• ERZERUM, or ARZRUM (Arm. Garin)

Erzerum is Karin, Edessa Urhha, Nisibis Mdsbin, See also:

• CTESIPHON

Ctesiphon Tizbon, &c . When the Persian and other loan-words are removed, a stock remains of native words and forms governed by other phonetic See also:

• LAWS

laws than those which govern the See also:

• ARYAN

Aryan, i.e . See also:

• INDIAN

Indian and Iranic, branch of the Indo-European tongues . Armenian appears to be a See also:

• HALF

half-way See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect between the Aryan branch and Slavo-lettic . Much, however, in Armenian See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology remains unexplained . For example the plural of nouns, pronouns and the first and second persons plural of verbs are all formed by adding a q or k, which has no parallel in any Indo-Germanic tongue .

The genitive plural again is formed by adding a tz or c, and the same consonant characterizes the composite See also:

• AORIST (from Gr. abpOrror, indefinite)

aorist and the conjunctive . In all three cases it is unexplained . In the verbs the termination m for the first singular at once explains itself, and the n of the third plural is the Indo-Germanic nti . But not so the second See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person singular ending in s, e.g. berem, I See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear, beres, See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

thou bearest . This has a superficial likeness to the I.-G. esi in bheresi, " thou bearest." Yet we should expect the s between vowels to vanish, and give us in Armenian See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

berg Perhaps, therefore, an old variant of esi, similar to the Greek ioat, lies behind the Armenian es, thou See also:

• ART

art, and the es in beres, thou bearest . In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case it is clear that many of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest forms which Armenian shared with other Indo-Germanic dialects were lost and replaced by forms of which the origin is obscure . Perhaps a closer study of -Mingrelian and Georgian will explain some of these peculiarities, for these and their cognate tongues must have had a wider range in the 7th and 8th centuries B.C. than they had later when clear See also:

• HISTORY

history begins . The attempts made by S . See also:

• BUGGE, SOPHUS (1833—1907)

Bugge to assimilate Old Armenian to See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan, and by P . See also:

• JENSEN, WILHELM (1837- )

Jensen to explain from it the Hittite See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions, appear to be fanciful . There is a large Semitic influence traceable in Armenian due to their early contact with the See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac-speaking peoples to the south and east of them, and later to the Arab See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest . Much remains to be done in the way of See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting Armenian dialects, for which task there are written materials as far back as the 12th century over and above the See also:

• WORK

work to be done by an intelligent traveller armed with a See also:

• PHONOGRAPH
• PHONOGRAPH (Gr. c&JP , sound, ypacbew, to write)

phonograph .

Two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main dialects of Armenian are distinguishable to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, that of Ararat and See also:

• TIFLIS

Tiflis, and that of Stambul and the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast cities of See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor . The latter is much overlaid with Tatar or See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish words, and the Tatar See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of words distinguishes the modern Armenian See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence from the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient . It remains to say that classical Armenian resembles rather the modern See also:

• IDIOM (Gr. t&%wµa, something peculiar and personal; lbws, one's own, personal)

idiom of See also:

• VAN

Van than of western Armenia . Itwas a plastic and See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble language, capable of rendering faithfully, yet not servilely, the Greek See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible and Greek fathers . Often theArmenian translators, and especially after the 5th century, rendered word for word, preserving the order of the Greek . This literalness, though unpleasing from a See also:

• LITERARY

literary standpoint, gives' to many of their ancient versions the value almost of aGreek codex of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age in which the version was made . The same literalness also characterizes their See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations from Syriac . The Armenians had a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple literature of their own, which was destroyed in the 4th and 5th centuries by the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, so thoroughly that barely twenty lines of it Literature. survive in the history of See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses of Khoren (Chorene) . Their Christian literature begins about 400 with the invention of the Armenian See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet by Mesrop . This was probably an older alphabet to which Mesrop merely added vowels; but, in order to pacify the Greek ecclesiastics and the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius the Less, the Armenians concocted a See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story that it had been divinely revealed . Once their alphabet perfected, the catholicus Sahak formed a school of translators who were sent to Edessa, See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch, Caesarea in See also:

• CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia, and elsewhere, to procure codices both in Syriac and Greek and translate them . From Syriac were made the first version of the New Testament, the version of See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius' History and his Life of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine (unless this be from the original Greek), the homilies of See also:

• APHRAATES (a Greek form of the Persian name Aphraha>: or Pharhadh)

Aphraates, the Acts of Gurias and Samuna, the See also:

• WORKS

works of Ephrem Syrus(partlypublished in four volumes by the See also:

• MECHITHARISTS

Mechitharists of See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice) .

They include the commentaries on the Diates. saron and the Paulines, Laboubna and History of Addai, the Syriac canons of the Apostles . From the original Greek were rendered in the 5th century the following authors and works . An See also:

• ASTERISK (from Gr. oo-repicreos, a little star)

asterisk is prefixed to those which have been printed:—*Eusebius' Chronicon; *See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

Philo's lost commentaries on See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

Genesis and See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

Exodus, and his lost See also:

• TREATISES

treatises on See also:

• PROVIDENCE

Providence and Animals, as well as a great number of his works still preserved in Greek; *the entire Bible (the New Testament is a recension after Antiochene Greek texts of an older version made from the oldest Syriac See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text); *the See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• ROMANCE

romance of the pseudo-See also:

• CALLISTHENES (c. 360–328 B.C.)

Callisthenes; *Epistles and Acts of See also:

• IGNATIUS ('Iyvfrior)

Ignatius of Antioch; *many homilies of See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory Thaumaturgus; *See also:

• ATHANASIUS (293-373)

Athanasius (a large number of works, many of them wrongly attributed); See also:

• IRENAEUS

Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses and Ad Marcianum (recently found) ; *See also:

• HIPPOLYTUS
• HIPPOLYTUS, THE CANONS OF

Hippolytus' commentaries on the See also:

• SONG

Song of Songs and See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel, and many fragments; *See also:

• TIMOTHEUS

Timotheus' life of Athanasius; See also:

• THEOPHILUS

Theophilus of Alexandria, various homilies; *Eusebius of Gabala or Severianus, fifteen Homilies; *See also:

• CYRIL (376-444)
• CYRIL (827-869)
• CYRIL (c. 315–386)

Cyril of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, Catecheses and See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

Letter to Constantine; *See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

Wisdom of Ahikar; *the See also:

• APOLOGY (from Gr. &aoXoyia, defence)

Apology of See also:

• ARISTIDES
• ARISTIDES ['Apuvrei817s] (c. 530—468 B.C.)
• ARISTIDES, AELIUS
• ARISTIDES, APOLOGY OF
• ARISTIDES, QUINTILIANUS

Aristides; Gregory of Nazianzus, See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-four Homilies; *See also:

• NONNUS (Egyptian for " saint ")

Nonnus' work on Gregory (perhaps a version of 6th century); See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil of Caesarea, *Hexaeaneron, fifteen Homilies on faith, See also:

• EPISTLE

epistle to Terentius,' ascetic writings and canons, on the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Spirit, to Cledonius, &c . Helladius of Caesarea's life of Basil; Gregory of Nyssa's See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on the Beatitudes, and many other homilies, Commentaries on Song of Songs, *On Human Nature (See also:

• NEMESIUS (fl. c. A.D. 390)

Nemesius), panegyrics on sundry Martyrs, and other works (but some of these versions belong to the beginning of the 8th century) ; See also:

• EPIPHANIUS, SAINT (c. 315-402)

Epiphanius of See also:

• SALAMIS

Salamis, Commentary on the Gospels, *On weights and measures, *See also:

• PHYSIOLOGUS

Physiologus, canons and many homilies; See also:

• EVAGRIUS (c. 536–600)

Evagrius of See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus, Homilies and Ascetic works, Letters to Melania, &c.; See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• CHRYSOSTOM

Chrysostom, *Homilies. and 'Prayers, in very beautiful language; *See also:

• PROCLUS, or PROCULUS (A.D. 410-485)

Proclus, See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch of Constantinople, many homilies; *Nilus the Ascete, On the Eight See also:

• SPIRITS

Spirits of Evil; *See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus, On the Jewish War; See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius of Alexandria, *Against See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul of See also:

• SAMOSATA (Eau6vara, -arum, Ptol. v. 15 § r 1 ; Strabo xvi. 749)

Samosata and other fragments: Acacius, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Melitene, *Letters to Sahak; See also:

• JULIUS

Julius of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (fragments); See also:

• ZENOBIUS

Zenobius, Homilies (? from Syriac); the History of Julius See also:

• AFRICANUS, SEXTUS JULIUS

Africanus was perhaps also translated in this century, but it is lost . To the 5th century belong the versions of the Nicene canons, of which the Armenian text as preserved is barely intelligible, of the eucharistic See also:

• RITES

rites called of *Basil, *Chrysostom, *Ignatius and others; also the *See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

Hours or See also:

• BREVIARY (Lat. breviarium, abridgment, epitome)

Breviary, the *Rites of Ordination, See also:

• BAPTISM

Baptism, of the making and See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release of Penitents, of See also:

• EPIPHANY, FEAST OF

Epiphany, and perhaps the many rites of See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice, for these are partly originals, partly versions of lost Greek texts . A mass of martyrs' acts were also rendered in this century, including parts of the lost collection made by Eusebius . Among these the *Acts and Apology of See also:

• APOLLONIUS

Apollonius restore a lost 2nd-century text . The *Canons of Sahak also purport to be translated from a Greek original about the year 330 . The Armenians were so busy in this century translating Greek and Syriac fathers that they have See also:

• LEFT

left little that is original . Still a number of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical works survive: *Faustus of See also:

• BYZANTIUM

Byzantium relates the events of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period A.D . 344–392 in a work See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct with life and racy of the See also:

• SOIL

soil . It was perhaps first composed in Greek, but it gives a faithful picture of the court of the See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty sovereigns of Armenia, of the political organization, of the blood feuds of the clans, of the planting of Christianity .

See also:

• PROCOPIUS

Procopius preserves some fragments of the Greek . The *History of Taron, by Zenobius of Glak, is a somewhat legendary See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of Gregory the Illuminator, and may have been written in Syriac in the 5th, though it was only Armenized in a later century . *Elisaeus Wardapet wrote a history of Wardan (Vardan), and of the war waged for their faith by the Armenians against the Sassanids . He was an See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye-See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness of this struggle, and gives a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good account of the contemporary Mazdaism which the Persians tried to force on the Armenians . *See also:

• LAZAR

Lazar of Pharp wrote a history embracing the events of the 5th century up to the year 485, as a continuation of the work of Faustus . *A history of St Gregory and of the See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of Armenia by See also:

• AGATHANGELUS, AGATHANGE

Agathangelus is preserved in Greek, Armenian and Arabic . The Arabic edited by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Marr of St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg seems to be the oldest form of text . The Greek is a rendering of the Armenian . It is a compilation, and the second See also:

• PART

part which contains the Acts of Gregory and of St Rhipsima seems wholly legendary . The Greek and Armenian texts were edited together by See also:

• LAGARDE, PAUL ANTON DE (1827–1891)

Lagarde . *The History of Armenia by Moses of Khoren (Chorene) relates events up. to about the year 450 . It is a compilation, devoid of historical method, value or veracity, from all sorts of previous authors, mostly from those which already existed in an Armenian dress .

Some critics put down the date of See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition as See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low' as about 700, and it was certainly retouched in the See also:

• LATE

late 6th century . *A long See also:

• VOLUME

volume of rhetorical exercises, based on See also:

• APHTHONIUS
• APHTHONIUS, AELIUS

Aphthonius, is also ascribed to Moses of Khoren, and appears to be of the 5th century . The *See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography which passes under his name may belong to the 7th century . Various homilies of Moses survive, as also of Elisaeus . Corium wrote in this century a *Life of Mesrop, and Eznik a *Refutation of the Sects, based largely on antecedent Greek works . The sects in question are Paganism, Mazdaism, Greek See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy and Manicheism . A volume of *homilies under the name of Gregory the Illuminator, but not his, also belongs to this century, and a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of ascetic discourses attributed to John Mandakuni, who was patriarch 478–500 . Of the 6th and 7th centuries few works survive except See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous versions of the *Acts of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas (perhaps from the Syriac), of the *Acts of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter and Paul, *of John (pseudo-Prochorus), *of See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew, and of other apostles; also of *the Acts of Paul and Thekla, *of See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus, *of the Protevangel, *of the Testaments of the patriarchs, of the *See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel of Nicodemus, or Acts of See also:

• PILATE, PONTIUS

Pilate, of the *See also:

• BOOK

Book of See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam, of the *Deaths of the Prophets, of the *History of See also:

• BARUCH

Baruch, of the *Apocalypses of Paul and of the Virgin See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, of the *Acts of See also:

• SYLVESTER, JAMES
• SYLVESTER, JOSHUA (1563–1618)

Sylvester, and of an enormous number of other similar apocryphs . Some of these may be of the 5th century . Two volumes of these apocryphs of the Old and New Testaments have recently been published at Venice . To these centuries belong also the versions of the Acts of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus, of Gangra, See also:

• LAODICEA
• LAODICEA, SYNOD OF

Laodicea and of other See also:

• COUNCILS

councils . To thelate 7th century belong the *calendarial works of Ananiah of Shirak, who also has left a *chronicon compiled from Eusebius, Andreas of See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete, Hippolytus and other See also:

• SOURCES

sources .

In the *Letter-book of the Patriarchs, lately printed at Tiflis, are to be found a number of controversial monophysite tracts of these and the succeeding three centuries; important for See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church history . It includes a mass of documents relative to the churches of Iberia and See also:

• ALBANIA

Albania . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief literary See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of the 7th century is the history of the See also:

• WARS

wars of See also:

• HERACLIUS ('HpaeXaos) (c. 575-642)

Heraclius and of the early See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan conquests in Asia Minor, by the bishop Sebeos; who was an eye-witness . The *history of the Albanians of the Caucasus, by Moses Kalankatuatzi, also belongs to the end of this century . To the middle of the 7th century also belong the translations of See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle's treatises *On the Categories, and *On See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

Interpretation, and of *See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

Porphyry's Isagoge, as well as of voluminous Greek commentaries on these books; the version of the *See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

Grammar of Dionysius Thrax and an incomplete See also:

• EUCLID
• EUCLID [EucLEIDES]

Euclid . The translator was one See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David called the Invincible who also wrote monophysite tracts . At the end of this 7th century one Philo of Tirak is supposed to have made the version of the *History : . of See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates, unless indeed it was made earlier . To this century also seems to belong the Armenian version of a *history of the Iberians, by Djuansher, a work full of valuable See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information . The early 8th century was a time of great literary activity . Gregory Asheruni wrote an important *commentary on the Jerusalem Lectionary, and his friend *John the catholicus (717–728) commentaries on the other liturgical works of his church; he also collected all existing See also:

• CANON

canon See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, Greek Or Armenian, respected in his church, wrote *against the See also:

• PAULICIANS

Paulicians and See also:

• DOCETAE

Docetae, and composed many beautiful See also:

• HYMNS

hymns . *Leoncius the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest has left a history of the first caliphs, and Stephanus, bishop of Siunik, translated the *controversial works of Cyril of Alexandria (whose Glaphyra and commentaries, however, seem to have been translated at an earlier period) .

He also translated the works of Dionysius the Areopagite, commented on the Armenian breviary and wrote hymns . In the 9th century Zachariah, catholicus, the correspondent of See also:

• PHOTIUS
• PHOTIUS (c. 82o-891)

Photius, wrote many eloquent homilies for the various church feasts . Shapuh Bagratuni wrote a history of his age, now lost . Mashtotz, catholicus, collected in one volume the Armenian rituals . In the Loth century (c . 925) the catholicus John VI. issued his *history of Armenia, and Thomas Artsruni a *history of his elan carried up to the year 936 . See also:

• ANANIAS

Ananias of Mok (943–965) wrote a great work against the Paulicians, unfortunately lost . See also:

• CHOSROES

Chosroes wrote a *commentary on the eucharistic rites and breviary; *Mesrop a history of Nerses the Great; *See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen of Asolik wrote a history of the See also:

• WORLD

world, and a commentary on See also:

• JEREMIAH

Jeremiah; *Gregory of Narek his famous meditations and hymns; See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel Kamrdjtsoretzi a commentary on the Lectionary based on Gregory Asheruni . In the 11th century the catholicus Gregory translated many Acts of Martyrs, and John Kozerhn wrote a history, now lost, as well as a work on the Armenian calendar; Stephen Asolik a *history of Armenia up to the year 1004; *Aristaces of Lastiverd a valuable history of the conquest of Armenia by the Seljuk caliphs . We may also mention a *monophysite work against the Greek See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor Theopistus by Paul of Taron; *letters and poems of Gregory Magistros, who also was the translator of the *Laws, See also:

• TIMAEUS (c. 345—c. 250 B.e.)

Timaeus and other dialogues of See also:

• PLATO

Plato . The 12th century saw many remarkable writers, mostly in Cilician Armenia, viz . Nerses the Graceful (d .

1165), author of an *See also:

• ELEGY

Elegy on the taking of Edessa, of *voluminous hymns, of long *See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

Pastoral Letters and Synodal orations of value for the historian of eastern churches . *Samuel of See also:

• ANI (anc. Abnicum)

Ani composed a See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle up to 1179 . Nerses of Lambron, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• TARSUS (mod. Tersous)

Tarsus, left a *Synodal oration, a *Commentary on the See also:

• LITURGY (Low Lat. liturgia; Gr. X€Zros, public, and Epyov, work; )Aetrovpy6s, a public servant)

liturgy, &c., and his contemporary Gregory of Tlay an *Elegy on the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Jerusalem, and various *dogmatic works . In this century the *history of See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael the Syrian was translated; Ignatius and Sargis composed *commentaries on See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke and *the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

catholic epistles, and *See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew of Edessa a valuable history of the years 952-r36, continued up to 1176 by Gregory the priest . Mechithar (Mekhitar) Kosh (d . 1207) wrote an elegant *Book of Fables, and compiled a *corpus of See also:

• CIVIL

civil and canon law (partly from See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine codes) . In the 13th century the following works or authors are to be noticed:—*history of Kiriakos of Ganzak, which contains much about the See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols, Georgians and Albanians; *Malakia the See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk's history of the See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars up to 1272; *Chronicle of Mechithar of Ani (fragmentary); *Vahram's rhymed chronicle of the kings of Lesser Armenia; *history of the world, by Vartan, up to 1269 . In this century mostly falls the redaction of a large See also:

• FABLE (Fr. fable, Lat. fabula)

fable literature, recently edited in three volumes by Professor Marr of St Petersburg . 14th century: *history of Siunik, by Stephen Orbelian, archbishop of that See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province 1287–1304; *Sempat's chronicle of Lesser Armenia (952–1274), carried on by a continuator to 1331; *Mechithar of Airivanq, a chronography; *Hethoum's account of the Tatars, and chronography of the years 1076–1307 . John of Orotn (d . 1388) compiled commentaries on John's gospel and the Paulines, and wrote homilies and monophysite works; his See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple Gregory of Dathev (b . 1340) compiled a *Summa theologiae called the Book of Questions, in the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of the Summa of See also:

• AQUINAS, THOMAS [Thomas of AQUIN or AQUINO], (c 1227--1274)

Aquinas, which had been translated into Armenian c .

1330, as were a little later the *Summa of Albertus and works of other schoolmen . 15th century: *History of Tamerlane, by Thomas of Medsoph, carried up to 1447 . 17th century, Araqel of See also:

• TABRIZ

Tabriz wrote a *history of the Persian invasions of Armenia in the years 1602-1661 . In the above See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list are not included a number of medical, astrological, calendarial and philological or lexicographic works, mostly written during or since the Cilician or crusading See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch . The hymns used in Armenian See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship rarely go back to the 5th century; and they were still few in number and brief in length when Nerses the Graceful and his contemporaries more than doubled their number and bulk in the 12th century . Most Armenian poems embody acrostics, and their poets began to See also:

• RHYME

rhyme in the 8th century or thereabouts . Since the 15th century a certain number of profane poets have arisen, whose work is less jejune on the whole than that of the hymn and canticle writers of an earlier age . Gregory Magistros (d . 1058) abridged the whole of the Old and New Testaments in a *rhyming poem, and set a See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion to later writers . Such works as *Barlaam and Josaphat, the *History of the Seven Sages, the *Wisdom of Ahikar, the *See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

Tale of the See also: