See also:

• ERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814–1865)

ERNST See also:

• MORITZ, KARL PHILIPP (1757-1793)

MORITZ See also:

• ERNST MORITZ ARNDT (1769-1860)
• ARNDT, JOHANN (1555-1621)

ARNDT (1769-1860)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German poet and patriot, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 26th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1769 at Schoritz in the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• RUGEN

Rugen, which at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time belonged to See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden . He was the son of a prosperous See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer, and emancipated serf of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Putbus; his See also:

• MOTHER

mother came of well-to-do German See also:

• YEOMAN

yeoman stock . In 1787 the See also:

• FAMILY

family removed into the neighbourhood of See also:

• STRALSUND

Stralsund, where See also:

• ARNDT, ERNST MORITZ (1769-1860)
• ARNDT, JOHANN (1555-1621)

Arndt was enabled to attend the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy . After an See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of private study he went in 1791 to the university of Greifswald as a student of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology and See also:

• HISTORY

history, and in 1793 removed to See also:

• JENA

Jena, where he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• FICHTE, IMMANUEL HERMANN (originally HARTMANN) VON (1797-1879)
• FICHTE, JOHANN GOTTLIEB (1762-1814)

Fichte . On the completion of his university course he returned See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, was for two years a private See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor in the family of See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig Kosegarten (1758-1818), pastor of Wittow and poet, and having qualified for the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry as a " See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate of theology," assisted in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church services . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty-eight he renounced the ministry, and for eighteen months he led a wandering See also:

• LIFE

life, vi$iting See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, Ilungary, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium . Returning homewards up the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, he was moved by the sight of the ruined castles along its See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks to intense bitterness against France . The impressions of this See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey he later described in Reisendurch nitwit Theil Teutschlands, Ungarns, Ilaliensund Frankreiths in-den Jahren 1798 and 1799 (1802-1804) . In r800he settled in Greifswald as privat-docent in history, and the same See also:

• YEAR

year published Ober See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Freiheit der See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien Republiken . In 1803 appeared Germanien and See also:

• EUROPA (or rather, EUROPE)

Europa, " a fragmentary ebullition," as he himself called it, of his views on the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French aggression . This was followed by one of the most remarkable of his books, Versueh einer Geschichte der Leibeigenschaft in Pommern and Rugen (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1803), a history of See also:

• SERFDOM (from Fr. serf, Lat. servus, a servant or slave)

serfdom in See also:

• POMERANIA (German, Pommern)

Pomerania and Rugen, which was so convincing an See also:

• INDICTMENT (from Anglo-Fr. enditernent, enditer, to charge; Lat. in, against, dictare, declare)

indictment that See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Gustavus See also:

• ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862)

Adolphus IV. in 1806 abolished the evil . Arndt had meanwhile risen from privat-docent to extraordinary See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor, and in 1806 was appointed to the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of history at the university .

In this year he published the first See also:

• PART

part of his Geist der Zeit, in which, he flung down the See also:

• GAUNTLET (a diminutive of the Fr. gant, glove)

gauntlet to See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon and called on his countrymen to rise and shake off the French yoke . So See also:

• GREAT

great was the excitement it produced that Arndt was compelled to take See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in Sweden to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape the vengeance of Napoleon . Settling in See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm, he obtained See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government employment, but devoted himself to the great cause which was nearest his See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, and in See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets, poems and songs communicated his See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm to his countrymen . See also:

• SCHILL, FERDINAND BAPTISTA VON (1776-1809)

Schill's heroic See also:

• DEATH

death at Stralsund impelled him to return to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and, under the disguise of " Almann,teacher of See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages," he reached Berlin in December 1809 . In 1810 he returned to Greifswald, but only for a few months . He again set out on his adventurous travels, lived in See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close contact. with the first men of his time, such as See also:

• BLUCHER, GEBHARD LEBERECHT VON (1742—1819)

Blucher, See also:

• GNEISENAU, AUGUST WILHELM ANTON, COUNT

Gneisenau and See also:

• STEIN, CHARLOTTE VON (1742-1827)
• STEIN, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VOM

Stein, and in 1812 was summoned by the last named to St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg to assist in the organization of the final struggle against France . Meanwhile, pamphlet after pamphlet, full of See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter hatred of the French oppressor, came from his See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen, and his' stirring patriotic songs, such as Was ist das deutsche Vaterland ? Der Gott, der Eisen wachsen liees, and Was blasen die Trompeten? were on all lips . When, after the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, the university of See also:

• BONN

Bonn was founded in 1818, Arndt was appointed to the chair of See also:

• MODERN

modern history . In this year appeared the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth part of his Geist der Zeit, in which he criticized the reactionary policy of the German See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . The boldness of his demands for reform offended the Prussian government, and in the summer of 1819 he was arrested and his papers confiscated . ' Although speedily liberated, he was in the following year, at the instance of the Central See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission of Investigation at See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, established in accordance with the See also:

• CARLSBAD

Carlsbad Decrees, arraigned before a specially constituted tribunal .

Although not found guilty, he was forbidden to exercise the functions of his professorship, but was allowed to retain the See also:

• STIPEND

stipend . The next twenty years he passed in retirement and See also:

• LITERARY

literary activity . In 184o he was reinstated in his professorship, and in 1841 was chosen See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of the university . The revolutionary outbreak of 1848 rekindled in the See also:

• VENERABLE (Lat. venerabilis, worthy of reverence, venerari, to reverence, to worship, allied to Venus, love; the Indo-Germ. root is wen-, to desire, whence Eng. " win, properly to struggle for, hence to gain)

venerable patriot his old hopes and energies, and he took his seat as one of the deputies to the See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort . He formed one of the deputation that offered the imperial See also:

• CROWN

crown to See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William IV., and indignant at the king's refusal to accept it, he retired with the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of von See also:

• GAGERN, HANS CHRISTOPH ERNST, BARON VON (1766-'852)

Gagern's adherents from public life . He continued to lecture and to write with freshness and vigour, and on his 9oth birthday received from all parts of Germany See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good wishes and tokens of See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection . He died at Bonn on the 29th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 186o . Arndt was twice married, first in 1800, his wife dying in the following year; a second time in 1817 . Arndt's untiring labour for his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country rightly won for him the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " the most German of all Germans.' His lyric poems are not, however, all confined to politics . Many among the Gedichte (1803-1818; See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition, 186o) are religious pieces of great beauty . Among his other See also:

• WORKS

works are Reise durch Schweden (1797); Nebenstunden, eine Beschreibung und Geschichte der schottlandischen Inseln and der Orkaden (1820); Die Frage fiber die Niederlande (1831) ; Erinnerungen aus dem ausseren Leben (an autobiography, and the most valuable source of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information for Arndt's life, 184o) ; Rhein- and Ahrwanderungen (1846), Wanderungen and Wandlungen mit dem Reichsfreiherrn von Stein (1858), and See also:

• PRO

Pro populo Germanic() (18J4), which was originally intended to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the fifth part of the Geist der Zeit . Arndt's Werke have been edited by H .

Rosch and H . Meisner in 8 vols . (not complete) (1892-1898) . See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

Biographies have been written by E . Langenberg (1869) and Wilhelm See also:

• BAER, KARL ERNST VON (1792-1876)
• BAER, WILLIAM JACOB (186o– )

Baer (5th ed., 1882) ; see also H . Meisner and R . Geerds, E . M . Arndt, ein Lebensbild in Briefen (1898), and R . Thiele, E . M . Arndt (1894) .

There are monuments to his memory at Schoritz, his birthplace, and at Bonn, where he is buried .