ARNOLD  , known as " ARNOLD OF See also:

• BRESCIA
• BRESCIA (anc. Brixia)

BRESCIA (d . 1155), one of the most ardent adversaries of the temporal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the popes . He belonged to a See also:

• FAMILY

family of importance, if not See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble, and was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born probably at Brescia, in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, towards the end of the I1th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . He distinguished himself in his monastic studies, and went to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France about 1115 . He studied See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, but there is no See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that he was a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of See also:

• ABELARD, PETER (1079-1142)

Abelard . Returning to Italy he became a See also:

• CANON

canon See also:

• REGULAR

regular . His See also:

• LIFE

life was rigidly austere, St See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard calling him "homo neque See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man-damns neque bibens." He at once directed his efforts against the corruption of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, and especially against the temporal ambitions of the high dignitaries of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . During the See also:

• SCHISM

schism of Anacletus (1131–1137) the See also:

• TOWN

town of Brescia was torn by the struggles between the partisans of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent II. and the adherents of the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-pope, and Arnold gave effect to his abhorrence of the See also:

• POLITICAL

political episcopate by inciting the See also:

• PEOPLE

people to rise against their See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, and, exiled by Innocent II., went to France . St Bernard accused him of sharing the doctrines of Abelard (see Ep . 189, 195), and procured his condemnation by the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• SENS

Sens (114o) at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time as that of the See also:

• GREAT

great scholastic . This was perhaps no more than the outcome of the fierce polemical spirit of the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of See also:

• CLAIRVAUX

Clairvaux, which led him to include all his adversaries under a single See also:

• ANATHEMA (from Gr. avarz6 'cu, to lift up)

anathema . It seems certain that Arnold professed moral theology in Paris, and several times reprimanded St Bernard, whom he accused of See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride and See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy .

St Bernard, as a last resort, begged See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis VII. to take severe See also:

• MEASURES

measures against Arnold, who had to leave France and take See also:

• REFUGE

refuge at See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich . There he soon became popular, especially with the See also:

• LAY

lay See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility; but, denounced anew by St Bernard to the ecclesiastical authorities, he returned to Italy, and turned his steps towards See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (1145) . It was two years since, in 1143, the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans had rejected the temporal power of the pope . The See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban nobles had set up a See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, which, under forms ostensibly modelled on antiquity (e.g. patriciate, senatus populusque See also:

• ROMANUS

romanus, &c.), concealed but clumsily a purely oligarchical See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . Pope See also:

• EUGENIUS

Eugenius III. and his adherents had been forced after a feeble resistance to resign themselves to See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile at See also:

• VITERBO

Viterbo . Arnold, after returning to Rome, immediately began a See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of virulent denunciation against the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman clergy, and, in particular, against the See also:

• CURIA

Curia, which he stigmatized as a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of merchandise and den of thieves." His enemies have attributed to him certain doctrinal heresies, but their accusations do not See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear examination . According to See also:

• OTTO

Otto of See also:

• FREISING

Freising (See also:

• LIB

Lib. de gestis Friderici, bk. ii. See also:

• CHAP

chap. xx.) the whole of his teaching, outside the See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching of penitence, was summed up in these See also:

• MAXIMS, LEGAL

maxims:—" Clerks who have estates, bishops who hold fiefs, monks who possess See also:

• PROPERTY

property, cannot be saved." His eloquence gained him a See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing and a numerous following, including many laymen, but consisting principally of poor ecclesiastics, who formed around him a party characterized by a rigid morality and not unlike the Lombard See also:

• PATARENES, or PATARELLI

Patarenes of the zith century . But his purely political See also:

• ACTION

action was very restricted, and not to be compared with that of a See also:

• RIENZI, COLA DI (c. 1313–1354)

Rienzi or a See also:

• SAVONAROLA, GIROLAMO (1452-1498)

Savonarola . The Roman revolution availed itself of Arnold's popularity, and of his theories, but was carried out without his aid . His name was associated with this political reform solely because his was the only vigorous See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality which stood out from the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of rebels, and because he was the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal victim of the repression that ensued . On the 15th of See also:

• JULY

July 1148 Eugenius III. anathematized Arnold and his adherents; but when, a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time -afterwards, the pope, through the support of the king of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples and the king of France, succeeded in entering Rome, Arnold remained in the town unmolested, under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate . But in 1152 the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German king See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad III., whom the papal party and the Roman republic had in vain begged to intervene, was succeeded by See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I .

See also:

• BARBAROSSA ("Redbeard")

Barbarossa . Frederick, whose authoritative See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper was at once offended by the See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of the Arnoldist party, concluded with the pope a treaty of See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance (See also:

• OCTOBER

October 16, 1152) of such a nature that the Arnoldists were at once put in a minority in the Roman government; and when the second successor of Eugenius III., the energetic and austere AdrianIV.(the Englishman, See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas Breakspear), placed Rome under an See also:

• INTERDICT (Lat. interdictum, from interdicere, to forbid by decree, lit., interpose by speech)

interdict, the senate, already rudely shaken, submitted, and Arnold was forced to See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly into See also:

• CAMPANIA

Campania (1155) . At the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of the pope he was seized by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Frederick, then in Italy, and delivered to the See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of Rome, by whom he was condemned to See also:

• DEATH

death . In See also:

• JUNE

June 1155 Arnold was hanged, his See also:

• BODY

body burnt, and the ashes were thrown into the See also:

• TIBER (anc. Tiberis; Ital. Tevere)

Tiber . His death produced but a feeble sensation in Rome, which was already pacified, and passed almost unnoticed in Italy . The adherents of Arnold do not appear actually to have formed, either before or after his death, a heretical See also:

• SECT

sect . It is probable that his adherents became merged in the communities of the Lombard Waldenses, who shared their ideas on the corruption of the clergy . See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

Legend, See also:

• POETRY

poetry, See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama and politics have from time to time been much occupied with the personality of Arnold of Brescia, and not seldom have distorted it, through the See also:

• DESIRE

desire to see in him a See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence and a See also:

• MODERN

modern democrat . He was before everything an ascetic, who denied to the church the right of holding property, and who occupied himself only as an See also:

• ACCESSORY

accessory with the political and social See also:

• CON

con-sequences of his religious principles . The bibliography of Arnold of Brescia is very vast and of very unequal value . The following See also:

• WORKS

works will be found useful: W. von See also:

• GIESEBRECHT, WILHELM VON (1814–1889)

Giesebrecht, Arnold von Brescia (See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1873) ; G . Gaggia, Arnaldo da Brescia (Brescia, 1882) ; and notices by Vacandard in the Revue See also:

• DES

des questions hisloriques (Paris, 1884), pp .

52-114, by R . Breyer in the Histor . Taschenbuch (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1889), vol. viii. pp . I23-178, and by A . See also:

• HAUSRATH, ADOLPH (1837-1909)

Hausrath in Neue See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg . Jahrb . (1891), See also:

• BAND

Band i. pp . 72-144 . (P .