See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

CHESTER ALAN See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• CHESTER ALAN ARTHUR (1830 – 1886)

ARTHUR (1830 – 1886)  , twenty - first See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• UNITED

United States, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• FAIRFIELD

Fairfield, See also:

• VERMONT

Vermont, on the 5th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1830 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur (1796–1875), when eighteen years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, emigrated from Co . See also:

• ANTRIM
• ANTRIM, RANDAL MACDONNELL, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1636)
• ANTRIM, RANDAL MACDONNELL, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1609-1683)

Antrim, See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, and, after teaching in various places in Vermont and See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• CANADA

Canada, became a Baptist See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister . William Arthur had married Malvina See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone, an See also:

• AMERICAN

American girl who lived at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage in Canada, and the numerous changes of the See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence afforded a basis for allegations in 188o that theson See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester was born not in Vermont, but in Canada, and was therefore, ineligible for the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency . Chester entered See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College as a See also:

• SOPHOMORE

sophomore, and graduated with See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour in 1848 . He then became a schoolmaster, at the same time studying See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . In 1853 he entered a law See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office in New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and in the following See also:

• YEAR

year was admitted to the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar . His reputation as a lawyer began with his connexion with the famous " Lemmon slave See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case," in which, as one of the See also:

• SPECIAL

special counsel for the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, he secured a decision from the highest state courts that slaves brought into New York while in transit between two slave states were ipso facto See also:

• FREE

free . In another noted case, in 1855, he obtained a decision that negroes were entitled to the same accommodations as whites on the See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways of New York city . In politics he was actively associated from the outset with the Republican party . When the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War began he held the position of engineer-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief on See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

Governor See also:

• EDWIN, AEDUINI
• EDWIN, JOHN (1749–1790)

Edwin D . See also:

• MORGAN
• MORGAN, DANIEL (1736-1802)
• MORGAN, EDWIN DENNISON (1811-1883)
• MORGAN, JOHN HUNT (1825-1864)
• MORGAN, JOHN PIERPONT (1837–1913)
• MORGAN, LEWIS HENRY (1818-1881)
• MORGAN, SYDNEY, LADY (c. 1783-1859)
• MORGAN, THOMAS (d. 1743)

Morgan's See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, and afterwards became successively acting quartermaster-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, inspector-general, and quartermaster-general of the state troops, in which capacities he showed much administrative efficiency .

At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of Governor Morgan's See also:

• TERM

term, on the 31st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1862, General Arthur resumed the practice of his profession, remaining active, however, in party politics in New York city . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1871 he was appointed by President U . S . See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector of customs for the See also:

• PORT

port of New York . The See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been conspicuous for the most flagrant abuses of the " spoils See also:

• SYSTEM

system "; and though General Arthur admitted that the evils existed and that they rendered efficient See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration impossible, he made no extensive reforms . In 1877 President See also:

• RUTHERFORD, MARK
• RUTHERFORD, WILLIAM GUNION (1853–1907)

Rutherford B . See also:

• HAYES, RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD (1822–1893)

Hayes began the reform of the civil service with the New York custom-house . A non-See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, appointed by Secretary See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• SHERMAN
• SHERMAN, JOHN (x823-1900)
• SHERMAN, ROGER (1721–1793)

Sherman, recommended sweeping changes . The president demanded the resignation of Arthur and his two See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal subordinates, See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George H . See also:

• SHARPE, DANIEL (18o6-1856)

Sharpe, the surveyor, and Alonzo B . Cornell, the See also:

• NAVAL

naval officer, of the Port . General Arthur refused to resign on the ground that to retire " under See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire " would be to acknowledge wrong-doing, and claimed that as the abuses were inherent in a widespread system he should not be made to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the responsibility alone .

His cause was espoused by Senator See also:

• ROSCOE, WILLIAM (1753—1831)

Roscoe See also:

• CONKLING, ROSCOE (1829-1888)

Conkling, for a time successfully; but on the rrth of See also:

• JULY

July 1878, during a See also:

• RECESS (Lat. recessus, a going back, withdrawal, from recedere, to withdraw)

recess of the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate, the collector was removed, and in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1879, after another severe struggle, this See also:

• ACTION

action received the approval of the Senate . In 188o General Arthur was a delegate at large from New York to the Republican See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention . In See also:

• COMMON

common with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the "Stalwarts," he worked hard for the nomination of Gen . U . S . Grant for a third term . Upon the See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James A . See also:

• GARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM (1831-1881)

Garfield, the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of conciliating the defeated See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction led to the hasty See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of Arthur for the second See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on the See also:

• TICKET (O. Fr. esliquet, also estiquette, mod. etiquette, from Ger. sleeken, to stick up)

ticket . His nomination was coldly received by the public; and when, after his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election and See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession, he actively engaged on behalf of Conkling in the See also:

• GREAT

great conflict with Garfield over the New York patronage, the impression was widespread that he was unworthy of his position . Upon the See also:

• DEATH

death of President Garfield, on the 19th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1881, Arthur took the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath as his successor . Contrary to the general expectation, his appointments were as a See also:

• RULE

rule unexceptionable, and he earnestly promoted the See also:

• PENDLETON, EDMUND (1721—1803)
• PENDLETON, GEORGE HUNT (1825—1889)

Pendleton law for the reform of the civil service . His use of the See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto in 1882 in the cases of a See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

Immigration See also:

• BILL

Bill (prohibiting immigration of Chinese for twenty years) and a See also:

• RIVER

River and See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

Harbour Bill (appropriating over $18,000,000, to be expended on many insignificant as well as important streams) confirmed the favourable impression which had been made .

The most important events of his administration were the passage of the See also:

• TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

Tariff See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1883 and of the " See also:

• EDMUNDS, GEORGE FRANKLIN (1828– )

Edmunds Law " prohibiting See also:

• POLYGAMY, (Gr. nabs, many, and yayos, marriage)

polygamy in the territories, and the completion of three great trans-See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental railways—the See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern Pacific, the See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern Pacific, and the See also:

• ATCHISON

Atchison, See also:

• TOPEKA

Topeka & See also:

• SANTA

Santa Fe . His administration was lacking in See also:

• POLITICAL

political situations of a dramatic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, but on all questions that arose his policy was sane and dignified . In 1884 he allowed his name to be presented for renomination in the Republican convention, but he was easily defeated by the See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends of James G . See also:

• BLAINE, JAMES GILLESPIE (1830-1893)

Blaine . At the expiration of his term he resumed his residence in New York city, where he died on the 18th of November 1886 . For an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his administration see UNITED STATES: See also:

• HISTORY

History .