See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

ROGER See also:

• ROGER ASCHAM (c. 1515-1568)

ASCHAM (c. 1515-1568)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and writer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• KIRBY, WILLIAM (1759–1850)

Kirby Wiske, a See also:

• VILLAGE

village in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• RIDING

Riding of See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, near See also:

• NORTHALLERTON

Northallerton, about the See also:

• YEAR

year 1515 . His name would be more properly spelt Askham, being derived, doubtless, from Askham in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Riding . He was the third son of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• ASCHAM, ROGER (c. 1515-1568)

Ascham, steward to See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• SCROPE
• SCROPE, GEORGE JULIUS POULETT (1797—1876)

Scrope of See also:

• BOLTON (BOLTON-LE-MOORS)
• BOLTON (or BOULTON), EDMUND (1S75?-1633?)
• BOLTON, DUKES OF

Bolton . The See also:

• FAMILY

family name of his See also:

• MOTHER

mother See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret is unknown, but she is said to have been well connected . The authority for this statement, as for most others concerning Ascham's See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• LIFE

life, is See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant, See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster, who collected and edited his letters and delivered a panegyrical oration on his life in 1576 . Ascham was educated not at school, but in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• HUMPHRY, OZIAS (1742-1810)

Humphry See also:

• WINGFIELD, EDWARD MARIA (c. 156o-c. 1614)
• WINGFIELD, SIR RICHARD (c. 1469-1525)

Wingfield, a See also:

• BARRISTER

barrister, and in 1533 See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker of the House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons, as Ascham himself tells us, in the Toxophilxs, p . 120 (not, as by a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake which originated with Grant and has been repeated ever since, Sir See also:

• ANTHONY, SAINT
• ANTHONY, SUSAN BROWNELL (1820-1906)

Anthony Wingfield, who was See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew of the speaker) . Sir Humphry " ever loved and used to have many See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children brought up in his house," where they were under a See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor named R . See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

Bond . Their See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport was See also:

• ARCHERY

archery, and Sir Humphry " himself would at See also:

• TERM

term times bring down from See also:

• LONDON

London both bows and shafts and go with them himself to the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field and see them shoot." Hence Ascham's earliest English See also:

• WORK

work, the Toxophilus, the importance which he attributed to archery in educational establishments, and probably the See also:

• PRO

pro-See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision for archery in the statutes of St Albans, See also:

• HARROW

Harrow and other Elizabethan See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools . From this private tuition Ascham was sent "about 1J30," at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, it is said, of fifteen, to St John's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, then the largest and most learned college in either university . Here he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of John See also:

• CHEKE, SIR JOHN (1514-1557)

Cheke, who was admitted a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow in Ascham's first year, and Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith .

His See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide and friend was See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Pember, " a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of- the greatest learning and with an admirable facility in the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue." On his See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice he practised seriously the See also:

• PRECEPT (Lat. praeceptum, a rule, from praecipere, literally to take beforehand, to give rules, instructions or orders)

precept embodied in the saying, " I know nothing about the subject, I have not even lectured on it," and " to learn Greek more quickly, while still a boy, taught Greek to boys." In Latin he specially studied See also:

• CICERO

Cicero and See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar . He became B.A. on the 18th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1534/5 . Dr See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas See also:

• METCALFE,

Metcalfe was then master of the college, " a papist, indeed, and yet if any See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young man given to the new learning as they termed it, went beyond his See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows," he " lacked neither open praise, nor private See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition." He procured Ascham's See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to a fellowship, " though being a new See also:

• BACHELOR (from Med. Lat. baccalarius, with its late and rare variant baccalaris—cf. Ital. baccalare—through O. Fr. bacheler)

bachelor of arts, I chanced among my companions to speak against the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope . . . after grievous rebuke and some See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment, open warning was given to all the fellows, none to be so See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy, as to give me his See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice at that election." The See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of election Ascham regarded as his " birthday," and " the whole See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the poor learning I have and of all the furtherance that hitherto elsewhere I have obtained." He took his M.A. degree on the 3rd of See also:

• JULY

July 1537 . He stayed for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at Cambridge taking pupils, among whom was See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• GRINDAL, EDMUND (c. 1519–1583)

Grindal, who in 1544 became tutor to Princess See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth . Ascham himself cultivated See also:

• MUSIC

music, acquired fame for a beautiful See also:

• HANDWRITING

handwriting, and lectured on See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics . Before 1J40, when the Regius professorship of Greek was established, Ascham " was paid a handsome See also:

• SALARY

salary to profess the Greek tongue in public," and held also lectures in St John's College . He obtained from Edward See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee, then See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of £2 a year, in return for which Ascham translated Oecumenius' Commentaries on the Pauline Epistles . But the archbishop, scenting See also:

• HERESY

heresy in some passage See also:

• RELATING

relating to the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, sent it back to him, with a See also:

• PRESENT

present indeed, but with something like a reprimand, to which Ascham answered with an assurance that he was " no seeker after novelties," as his lectures showed . He was on safer ground in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing in 1542–1543 a See also:

• BOOK

book, which he told Sir William See also:

• PAGET, SIR JAMES, BART

Paget in the summer of 1544 was in the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press, " on the See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• SHOOTING

Shooting." This was no doubt suggested partly by the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament 33 See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII. c. q, " an acte for mayntenaunce of Artyllarie and debarringe of unlawful See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games," requiring every one under sixty, of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• HEALTH

health, the clergy, See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges, &c., excepted, " to use shooting in the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow," and fixing the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price at which bows were to be sold . Under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Toxophilus he presented it to Henry VIII. at See also:

• GREENWICH

Greenwich soon after his triumphant return from the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of See also:

• BOULOGNE, or BOULLONGNE

Boulogne, and promptly received a grant of a pension of Do a year, equal to some £200 a year of our See also:

• MONEY

money . A novelty of the book was that the author had " written this Englishe See also:

• MATTER

matter in the Englishe tongue for Englishe men," though he thought it necessary to defend himself by the See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument that what " the best of the See also:

• REALM

realm think it honest to use " he " ought not to suppose it vile for him to write." It is a Platonic See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue between Toxophilus and Philologus, and nowadays its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• INTEREST

interest lies in its incidental remarks .

It may probably claim to have been the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model for Izaak See also:

• WALTON, BRIAN (1600-1661)
• WALTON, IZAAK (1593-1683)

Walton's Compleat See also:

• ANGLER

Angler . From 1541, or earlier, Ascham acted as See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter-writer to the university and also to his college . Perhaps the best specimen of his skill was the letter written to the See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset in 1548 on behalf of See also:

• SEDBERGH

Sedbergh school, which was attached to St John's College by the founder, Dr Lupton, in 1525, and the endowment of which had been confiscated under the Chantries Act . In 1546 Ascham was elected public orator by the university on Sir John Cheke's retiremept . Shortly after the beginning of the reign of Edward VI., Ascham made public profession of See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant opinions in a disputation on the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass, begun in his own college and then removed for greater publicity to the public schools of the university, where it was stopped by the See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor . Thereon Ascham wrote a letter of complaint to Sir William See also:

• CECIL

Cecil . This stood him in good See also:

• STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849– )

stead . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1548, Grindal, the princess Elizabeth's tutor, died . Ascham had already corresponded with the princess, and in one of his letters says that he returns her See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen which he has mended . Through Cecil and at the princess's own wish he was selected as her tutor against another See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate pressed by See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

• SEYMOUR
• SEYMOUR, HORATIO (1810-1886)
• SEYMOUR, or ST MAUR
• SEYMOUR, THOMAS

Seymour and See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Katherine . Ascham taught Elizabeth—then sixteen years old—for two years, chiefly at See also:

• CHESHUNT

Cheshunt . In a letter to See also:

• STURM
• STURM, JULIUS (1816-1896)

Sturm, the See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg schoolmaster, he praises her " beauty, stature, See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom and See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry .

She talks See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian as well as English: she has often talked to me readily and well in Latin and moderately so in Greek . When she writes Greek and Latin nothing is more beautiful than her handwriting . . . she read with me almost all Cicero and See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus Livius: for she See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew all her knowledge of Latin from those two authors . She used to give the See also:

• MORNING

morning to the Greek Testament and afterwards read select orations of Isocrates and the tragedies of See also:

• SOPHOCLES (495-406 B.c.)

Sophocles . To these I added St See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian and See also:

• MELANCHTHON, FHILIPP (1497–155o)

Melanchthon's Commonplaces." In 1550 Ascham quarrelled with Elizabeth's steward and returned to Cambridge . Cheke then procured him the secretaryship to Sir See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• MORRISON, ARTHUR (1863– )
• MORRISON, RICHARD JAMES (1795-1874)
• MORRISON, ROBERT (1782-1834)

Morrison (See also:

• MORYSON, FYNES (1566-163o)

Moryson), appointed See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador to See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V . See also:

• ITO, HIROBUMI, PRINCE (1841-1909)

Ito was on his way to join Morrison that he paid his celebrated morning See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call on See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Jane See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey at Bradgate, where he found her See also:

• READING

reading See also:

• PLATO

Plato's See also:

• PHAEDO

Phaedo, while every one else was out See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting . The See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy went to See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain, where he found the university very inferior to Cambridge, then to See also:

• INNSBRUCK

Innsbruck and See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice . Ascham read Greek with the ambassador four or five days a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week . His letters during the embassy, which was recalled on See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary's See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession, were published in English in 1553, as a " See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report " on See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . Through See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• GARDINER
• GARDINER, JAMES (1688-1745)
• GARDINER, SAMUEL RAWSON (1829–1902)
• GARDINER, STEPHEN (c. 1493–1555)

Gardiner he was appointed Latin secretary to Queen Mary with a pension of £2o a year . His Protestantism he must have quietly sunk, though he told Sturm that " some endeavoured to hinder the flow of Gardiner's benevolence on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion." Probably his never having been in orders tended to his safety .

On the 1st of See also:

• JUNE

June 1554 he married Margaret See also:

• HOWE
• HOWE, EIJAS (1819 — 1867)
• HOWE, JOHN (1630-17o6)
• HOWE, JOSEPH (1804–1873)
• HOWE, JULIA WARD (1819–1910)
• HOWE, RICHARD HOWE, EARL (1726-1799)
• HOWE, SAMUEL GRIDLEY (1801-1876)
• HOWE, WILLIAM HOWE, 5TH VISCOUNT (1729-1814)

Howe, whom he described as niece of Sir R . ( ? J., certainly not, as has been said, Henry) See also:

• WALLOP, SIR HENRY (c. 1540-1599)
• WALLOP, SIR JOHN (c. 1490-1551)

Wallop . By her he had two sons . From his frequent complaints of his poverty then and later, he seems to have lived beyond his income, though, like most courtiers, he obtained See also:

• DIVERS

divers lucrative leases of ecclesiastical and See also:

• CROWN

crown See also:

• PROPERTY

property . In 1555 he resumed his studies with Princess Elizabeth, reading in Greek the orations of See also:

• AESCHINES (389-314 B.C.)
• AESCHINES (5th century B.C.)

Aeschines and See also:

• DEMOSTHENES

Demosthenes' De See also:

• CORONA (Lat. for " crown ")

Corona . Soon after Elizabeth's accession, on the 5th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1559, he was given, though a layman, the canonry and prebend of Wetwang in York See also:

• MINSTER
• MINSTER (from Lat. monasterium; cf. German Munster)

minster . In 1563 he began the work which has made him famous, The Scholemaster . The occasion of it was, he tells us (though he is perhaps merely imitating See also:

• BOCCACCIO, GIOVANNI (1313-1375)

Boccaccio), that during the " great See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague " at London in 1563 the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court was at See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor, and there on the loth of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December he was dining with Sir William Cecil, secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and other ministers . Cecil said he had " See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange See also:

• NEWS

news; that divers scholars of See also:

• EATON, DORMAN BRIDGMAN (1823-1899)
• EATON, MARGARET
• EATON, THEOPHILUS (c. 15go-1658)
• EATON, WILLIAM (1764-1811)
• EATON, WYATT (1849-1896)

Eaton be run away from the schole for fear of beating "; and expressed his wish that " more discretion was used by schoolmasters in correction than commonly is." A debate took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, the party being See also:

• PRETTY

pretty evenly divided between floggers and See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-floggers, with Ascham as the See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of the latter . Afterwards Sir Richard See also:

• SACKVILLE, GEORGE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1716-1785)
• SACKVILLE, MORTIMER

Sackville, the treasurer, came up to Ascham a,nd told him that " a fond schoolmaster " had,-by his brutality, made him hate learning, much to his loss, and as he had now a young son, whom he wished to be learned, he offered, if Ascham would name a tutor, to pay for the See also:

• EDUCATION

education of their respective sons under Ascham's orders, and invited Ascham to write a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on " the right See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of teaching." The Scholemaster was the result . It is not, as might be supposed, a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general treatise on educational method, but " a plaine and perfite way of teachyng children to understand, write and speake in Latin tong "; and it was not intended for schools, but " specially prepared for the private brynging up of youth in gentlemen and noblemens houses." The perfect way simply consisted in " the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of a model book "; the book recommended by this professional letter-writer being " Sturmius' Select Letters of Cicero." As a method of learning a See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language by a single See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil, this method might be useful; as a method of education in school nothing more deadening could be conceived .

The method itself seems to have been taken from Cicero . Nor was the famous plea for the substitution of gentleness and persuasion for See also:

• COERCION (from Lat. coercere, to restrain)
• COERCION, CONTRACT

coercion and flogging in schools, which has been one of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main attractions of the book, novel . It was being practised and preached at that very time by See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher See also:

• JONSON

Jonson (c . 1536–1597) at See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester; it had been enforced at length by See also:

• WOLSEY, THOMAS (c. 1475–1530)

Wolsey in his statutes for his See also:

• IPSWICH

Ipswich College in 1528, following Robert See also:

• SHERBORNE

Sherborne, bishop of See also:

• CHICHESTER

Chichester, in See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding Rolleston school; and had been repeatedly urged by See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus and others, to say nothing of William of Wykeham himself in the statutes of Winchester College in 1400 . But Ascham's was the first definite demonstration in favour of humanity in the vulgar tongue and in an easy See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style by a well-known " educationist," though not one who had any actual experience as a schoolmaster . What largely contributed to its fame was its picture of Lady Jane Grey, whose love of learning was due to her finding her tutor a See also:

• REFUGE

refuge from pinching, See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear-See also:

• BOXING (M.E. box, a blow, probably from Dan. bask, a buffet)

boxing and bullying parents; some exceedingly good criticisms of various authors, and a spirited See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of English as a vehicle of thought and literature, of which it was itself an excellent example . The book was not published till after Ascham's See also:

• DEATH

death, which took place on the 23rd of December 1568, owing to a chill caught by sitting up all See also:

• NIGHT

night to finish a New Year's poem to the queen . His letters were collected and published in 1576, and went through several See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, the latest at See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg in 1611; they were re-edited by William Elstob in 1703 . His English See also:

• WORKS

works were edited by See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• BENNETT, CHARLES EDWIN (1858- )
• BENNETT, JAMES GORDON (1794-1872)
• BENNETT, JOHN
• BENNETT, JOHN HUGHES (1812–1875)
• BENNETT, SIR WILLIAM STERNDALE (1816-1875)

Bennett with a life by Dr See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson in 1771, reprinted in 8vo in 1815 . Dr See also:

• GILES (GIL, GILLES), ST

Giles in 1864–1865 published in 4 vols. select letters with the Toxophilus and Scholemaster and the life by Edward Grant . The .Scholemaster was reprinted in 1571 and 1589 . It was edited by the Rev .

J . Upton in 1711 and in 1743, by Prof . J . E . B . See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

Mayor in 1863, and by Prof . Edward See also:

• ARBER, EDWARD (1836– )

Arber in 1870 . The Toxophilus was republished in 1571, 1589 and 1788, and by Prof . Edward Arber in 1868 and 1902 . (A . F .