ASHTABULA  , a

city of Ashtabula county, Ohio, U.S.A., in Ashtabula township, on the Ashtabula river and Lake Erie, and 54 M . N.E. of Cleveland . Pop . (1800) 8338; (1900) 12,949, of whom 3688 were foreign-born; (1910, census) 18,266 . There is a large Finnish-born population in the city and in Ash-tabula county, and the Amerikan Sanamat, established here in 1897, is one of the most widely read Finnish weeklies in the country . Ashtabula, is served by the Pennsylvania, the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, and the New York, Chicago & St Louis railways, and by inter-urban electric lines . The city is built on the high bank of the river about 75 ft. above the lake, and commands good views of diversified scenery,.; There is a public library, Ashtabula has an excellent harbour, to and from which large quantities of iron ore and coal are shipped . More iron ore is received, at this port annually than at any other port in the country, or, probably, in the world; the ore is shipped thence by rail to Pittsburg, Youngstown and other iron manufacturing centres . In 1907 the port received 7,542,149 gross tons of iron ore, and shipped 2,632,027 net tons of soft coal . Among the city's manufactures are leather, worsted goods, agricultural implements, and foundry and machine shop products; in 1905 the total value of the factory product was $1,895,454, an increase of I4a3 % five years . There are large green-houses in and near Ashtabula; and quantities of lettuce, cucumbers and tomatoes are raised under glass and shipped to Pittsburg and other large cities . The first settlement here was made about 1801 .

Ashtabula township was created in 1808, and from it the townships of Kingsville,

Plymouth and Sheffield have subsequently been formed . The village 'of Ashtabula was incorporated in 1831, and received a city charter in 1891 . The name Ashtabula is an Indian word first applied to the river and said to mean " fish river." ASHTON-IN-MAKERKELD, an urban district in the Newton parliarrientaiy division of Lancashire, England, 4 M . S. of Wigan, on the Great Central railway . Pop . (1901) 18,687 . The district is rich in minerals, and has large collieries, and a colliery cornpany's institute; iron goods are manufactured . ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE, a market-town and municipal and parliamentary borough of Lancashire, England, on the river Tame, a tributary of the Mersey, 185 m . N.W. by N. from London and 61 E. from Manchester . Area, 1346 acres_ Pop . (1891) 40,486; (1901) 43,890 . It is served by the London & North-Western and the Lancashire & Yorkshire railways (Charles-town station), and by the Great Central (Park Parade station) .

The

church of St Michael is Perpendicular, but almost wholly rebuilt . In the vicinity are barracks . The Old Hall, or manor house of the Asshetons, remains in an altered form, with an ancient prison adjoining, and the name of Gallows Meadow, still preserved, recalls the summary execution of justice by the lords of the manor . In the vicinity of Ashton a few picturesque old houses remain among the numerous modern residences . Stamford Park, presented by Lord Stamford, is shared by the towns of Ashton and Stalybridge, which extends across the Tame into Cheshire . A technical school, school of art and free library, and several hospitals are maintained . Chief among industries are cotton-spinning, hat-making and iron-founding and machinery works; and there are large collieries in the neighbourhood . The parliamentary borough, which returns one member, extends into Cheshire . The corporation consists of a mayor, 8 aldermen and 24 councillors . The derivation from the Saxon test (ash) and tun (an enclosed place) accounts for the earliest orthography Estun . The addition subtus lineam is found in ancient deeds and is due to the-position of the place below the line or boundary of Cheshire, which once formed the frontier between the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia . The manor was granted to Roger de Poictou by William I., but before the end of his reign came to the Greslets as part of the barony of Manchester .

It was held by the Asshetons from 1335 to 1515, when it passed by

marriage to the Booths of Dunham Massey, and is now held by the earl of Stamford, the representative of that family . The lord of the manor still holds the ancient court-leet and court-baron half-yearly in May and November, in which cognizance is taken of breaches of agreement among the tenants, especially concerning the repair of roads and cultivation of lands . The place had long enjoyed the name of borough, but it was not till 1847 that a charter of incorporation was granted . Under the Reform Act (1832) it returns one member . One of the markets dates back to 1436 . The ancient industry was woollen, but soon after the invention of the spinning frame the cotton trade was introduced, and as early as 1769 the weaving of ginghams, nankeens and calicoes was carried on, and the weaving of cotton yarn by machinery soon became the staple industry . A chapel or church existed here as early as 1261-1262 .