ASOKA  , a famous Buddhist See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India who reigned from 264 to 228 or 227 B.C . See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty-five of his See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions on rocks or pillars or in caves still exist (see INSCRIPTIONS: See also:

• INDIAN

Indian), and they are among the most remarkable and interesting of Buddhist monuments (see See also:

• BUDDHISM

BUDDHISM) . Asoka was the See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of Chandragupta, the founder of the Maurya (See also:

• PEACOCK (Lat. Pavo, O. Eng. Pawe, Du. pauuw, Ger. Pfau, Fr. Paon)
• PEACOCK, GEORGE (1791–1858)
• PEACOCK, SIR BARNES (1810-189o)
• PEACOCK, THOMAS LOVE (1785-1866)

Peacock) See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, who had wrested the Indian provinces of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander the See also:

• GREAT

Great from the hands of Seleucus, and he was the son of Bindusara, who succeeded his See also:

• FATHER

father Chandragupta, by a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady from Champs . The Greeks do not mention him and the Brahmin books ignore him, but the Buddhist See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles and legends tell us much about him . The inscriptions, which contain altogether about five thousand words, are entirely of religious import, and their references to worldly affairs are incidental . They begin in the thirteenth See also:

• YEAR

year of his reign, and tell us that in the ninth year he had invaded See also:

• KALINGA, or CALINGA

Kalinga, and had been so deeply impressed by the horrors involved in warfare that he had then given up the See also:

• DESIRE

desire for See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest, and devoted himself to conquest by " See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion." What the religion was is explained in the edicts . It is purely ethical, See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent alike of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology and See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual, and is the See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of morals as laid down in the Buddhist sacred books for laymen . He further tells us that in the ninth year of his reign he formally joined the Buddhist community as a layman, in the See also:

• ELEVENTH

eleventh year he became a member of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, and in the thirteenth he " set out for the Great See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

Wisdom " (the Sambodhi), which is the Buddhist technical See also:

• TERM

term for entering upon the well-known, eight-See also:

• FOLD

fold path to See also:

• NIRVANA

Nirvana . One of the edicts is addressed to the order, and urges upon its members and the laity alike the learning and See also:

• REHEARSAL (from " rehearse," to say over again, repeat, recount, O.Fr. rehercer, from re, again, and hercer, to harrow, cf. " hearse," the original meaning being to rake or go over the same ground again as with a harrow)

rehearsal of passages from the Buddhist scriptures . Two others are proclamations commemorating visits paid by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, one to the See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome erected over the ashes of Konagamana, the See also:

• BUDDHA

Buddha, another to the birthplace of Gotama, the Buddha (q.v.) . Three very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short ones are dedications of caves to the use of an order of recluses . The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest either enunciate the religion as explained above, or describe the means adopted by the king for propagating it, or acting in accordance with it .

These means are such as the digging of See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells, planting medicinal herbs, and trees for shade, sending out of missionaries, See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• OFFICERS

officers to supervise charities, and so on . The missionaries were sent to See also:

• KASHMIR, or CASHMERE

Kashmir, to the Himalayas, to the border lands on the See also:

• INDUS

Indus, to the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• BURMA

Burma, to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south India and to See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon . And the king claims that See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions sent by him to certain See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek kingdoms that he names had resulted in the folk there conforming themselves to his religion . The extent of Asoka's dominion included all India from the thirteenth degree of See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude up to the Himalayas, See also:

• NEPAL, NEPAUL

Nepal, Kashmir, the See also:

• SWAT

Swat valley, See also:

• AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan as far as the See also:

• HINDU

Hindu Kush, See also:

• SIND

Sind and See also:

• BALUCHISTAN

Baluchistan . It was thus as large as, or perhaps somewhat larger than, See also:

• BRITISH

British India before the conquest of Burma . He was undoubtedly the most powerful See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time and the most remarkable and imposing of the native rulers of India . " If a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's fame," says Koppen, " can be measured by the number of See also:

• HEARTS

hearts who See also:

• REVERE
• REVERE, PAUL (1735–1818)

revere his memory, by the number of lips who have mentioned, and still mention him with See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, Asoka is more famous than See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne or See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar." At the same time it is probable that, See also:

• ASPARAGINE

ASPARAGINE like See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine's patronage of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity, his patronage of Buddhism, then the most rising and influential faith in India, was not unalloyed with See also:

• POLITICAL

political motives, and it is certain that his vast benefactions to the Buddhist cause were at least one of the causes that led to its decline . See also Asoka, by See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 19o1); Inscriptions de Piyadasi, by E . Senart (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1891); chapters on Asoka in T . W . Rhys Davids's Buddhism(2oth ed.,See also:

• LONDON

London, 1903), and Buddhist India (London, 1903); V . A .

Smith, Edicts of Asoka (1909) . (T . W . R .