ASPEN  , an important See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar genus (Populus) of which the See also:

• COMMON

common aspen of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, P. tremula, may be taken as the type,—a tall fast-growing See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree with rather slender See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk, and See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey bark becoming rugged when old . The roundish leaves, toothed on the margin, are slightly downy when See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, but after-wards smooth, dark See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green on the upper and greyish green on the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• SURFACE

surface; the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long slender petioles, much flattened. towards the See also:

• OUTER

outer end, allow of See also:

• FREE

free lateral See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion by the lightest See also:

• BREEZE

breeze, giving the foliage its well-known tremulous See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . By their See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction on each other the leaves give rise to a rustling See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound . It is supposed that the mulberry trees (Becaim) mentioned in i See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

Chronicles xiv . 14, 15 were really aspen trees . The See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, which appear in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March and See also:

• APRIL

April, are See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne on pendulous hairy catkins, 2-3 in. long; male and See also:

• FEMALE

female catkins are, as in the other See also:

• SPECIES

species of the genus, on distinct trees . The aspen is found in moist places, sometimes at a considerable See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation, 1600 ft. or more, in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . It is an abundant tree in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern parts of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, even as far as See also:

• SUTHERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Sutherland, and is occasionally found in the coppices of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern counties, but in these latter habitats seldom reaches any large See also:

• SIZE

size; through-out northern Europe it abounds in the forests,—in See also:

• LAPLAND, or LAPPLAND

Lapland flourishing even in 700 N. See also:

• LAT

lat., while in See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia its range extends to the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic Circle; in See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway its upper limit is said to coincide with that of the See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine; trees exist near the western See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast having stems 15 ft. in circumference . The See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood of the aspen is very See also:

• LIGHT

light and soft, though tough; it is employed by coopers, chiefly for pails and See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring-casks; it is also made into butchers' trays, See also:

• PACK (apparently from the root pak-, paq-, seen in Lat. pangere, to fasten; cf. " compact ")
• PACK, OTTO VON (c. 1480-1537)

pack-saddles, and various articles for which its lightness recommends it; sabots are also made of it in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval days it was valued for arrows,, especially for those used in See also:

• TARGET
• TARGET, GUI JEAN BAPTISTE (1733-1807)

target practice; the bark is used for tanning in northern countries; See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer browse greedily on the young shoots and abundant suckers . Aspen wood makes but indifferent See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel, but See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal prepared from it is light and friable, and has been employed in See also:

• GUNPOWDER

gunpowder manufacture . The powdered bark is sometimes given to horses as a vermifuge; it possesses likewise tonic and febrifugal properties, containing a, considerable amount of See also:

• SALICIN, SALICINUM, C13H1807

salicin . The aspen is readily propagated either by cuttings or suckers, but has been lout little planted of See also:

• LATE

late years in Britain .

P. trepida, or tremuloides, is closely allied to the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European aspen, being chiefly distinguished by its more pointed leaves; it is a native of most parts of See also:

• CANADA

Canada, and the See also:

• UNITED

United States, extending northwards as far as . See also:

• GREAT

Great Slave See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake . The wood is soft and neither strong nor durable;,it See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

burns better in the green statethan that of most trees, and is often used by the hunters of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West as fuel; split into thin layers, it was formerly employed in the United States for See also:

• BONNET
• BONNET, CHARLES (172o–1793)

bonnet and See also:

• HAT

hat making . It is largely manufactured into-See also:

• MOOD

mood-pulp for See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper-making . The bark is of some value as a tonic and febrifuge . P.grandidentata, the large-leaved See also:

• AMERICAN

American aspen, has ovate or roundish leaves deeply and irregularly serrated on the margin . The wood is light, soft and See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close-grained, but not strong . In northern New See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and Canada it is largely manufactured into wood-pulp; it is occasionally used in turnery and for wooden-See also:

• WARE

ware .