See also:

• ASSUS [mod. Behram]

ASSUS [mod. Behram]  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of the See also:

• TROAD, CERAMICS, PLATE

Troad, on the Adramyttian Gulf . The situation is one of the most magnificent in all the Greek lands . The natural cleavage of the trach'yte into See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint planes had already scarped out shelves which it was comparatively easy for human labour to shape; and so, high up this See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone of See also:

• TRACHYTE (Gr. rpaxus, rough)

trachyte, the Greek See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• ASSUS [mod. Behram]

Assus was built, tier above tier, the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the See also:

• CRAG (a Celtic word, cf. Gael. creag, Manx creg, and Welsh and modern Scots craig)

crag being crowned with a Doric See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• ATHENA (the Attic form of the Homeric Athene, also called Athenaia, Pallas Athene, Pallas)

Athena . The view from the summit is very beautiful and of See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• INTEREST

interest . In front is See also:

• LESBOS (Mytilene, Turk. Midullu)

Lesbos, one of whose towns, Methymna, is said to have sent forth the founders of Assus, as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early, perhaps, as r000 or 900 B.C . The whole See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-See also:

• LINE

line of the Troad is seen, and in the south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east the ancient territory of See also:

• PERGAMUM, or PERGAMTS (mod. Bergama)

Pergamum, from whose masters the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Assus passed to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome by the See also:

• BEQUEST (from 0. Eng. becwethan, to declare or express in words; cf. " quoth ")

bequest of Attalus III . (133 B.c.) . The great heights of See also:

• IDA (d. 559)

Ida rise in the east . Northward the Tuzla is seen winding through a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich valley . This valley was traversed by the road which St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul must have followed when he came overland from See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria Troas to Assus, leaving his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-travellers to proceed by See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west gateway, to which this road led, is still flanked by two massive towers, of Hellenic See also:

• WORK

work . On the See also:

• SHORE

shore below, the ancient See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

mole can still be traced by large blocks under the clear See also:

• WATER

water .

Assus affords the only See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour on the 50 M. of coast between Cape.Lectum and the east end of the Adramyttian Gulf; hence it must always have been the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place for the exports of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Troad . The great natural strength of the site protected it against See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty assailants; but, like other towns in that region, it has known many masters—Lydians, Persians, the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Pergamum, See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans and See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

• TURKS

Turks . From the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• WARS

wars to about 350 B.C . Assus enjoyed at least partial See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . It was about 348–345 B.C. that See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle spent three years at Assus with Hermeas, an ex-slave who had succeeded his former See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master See also:

• EUBULUS

Eubulus as See also:

• DESPOT (Gr. Sc-va6rgs, lord or master; the origin of the first part of the Gr. word is unknown, the second part is cognate with rbvcs, husband, Lat. potens, powerful)

despot of Assus and Atameus . Aristotle has See also:

• LEFT

left some verses from an invocation to See also:

• ARETE (O. Fr. areste, Lat. arista, ear of corn, fish-bone or spine)

Arete (Virtue), commemorating the See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth of Hermeas, who had been seized by Persian treachery and put to See also:

• DEATH

death . Under its See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish name of Behram, Assus is still the commercial See also:

• PORT

port of the southern Troad, being the place to which loads of valonia are conveyed by camels from all parts of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Explorations were conducted at Assus in 1881–1883 by Mr J . T . See also:

• CLARKE, ADAM (1762?—1832)
• CLARKE, CHARLES COWDEN (1787-1877)
• CLARKE, EDWARD DANIEL (1769–1822)
• CLARKE, JAMES FREEMAN (1810–1888)
• CLARKE, JOHN SLEEPER (1833–1899)
• CLARKE, MARCUS ANDREW HISLOP (1846–1881)
• CLARKE, MARY ANNE (c.1776–1852)
• CLARKE, SAMUEL (1675–1729)
• CLARKE, SIR ANDREW (1824-1902)
• CLARKE, SIR EDWARD GEORGE (1841– )
• CLARKE, THOMAS SHIELDS (1866- )
• CLARKE, WILLIAM BRANWHITE (1798-1878)

Clarke for the Archaeological See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute of See also:

• AMERICA

America . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• OBJECT

object was to clear the Doric temple of Athena, built about 470 B.C . This temple is remarkable for a sculptured See also:

• ARCHITRAVE (from Lat. arcus, an arch, and trabs, trabem, a beam)

architrave which took the place of the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• FRIEZE

frieze .

The scenes are partly mythological (labours of Heracles), partly purely heraldic . Eighteen panels were transported to the Louvre in 1838; other fragments rewarded the Americans, and a scientific ground-See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn . The well-preserved Hellenistic walls were also studied . See J . T . Clarke, Assos, 2 vols., 1882 and 1898 (Papers of See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch . Inst. of America, i. ii.) ; and authorities under TROAD . (D . G .