See also:

• ATHENA (the Attic form of the Homeric Athene, also called Athenaia, Pallas Athene, Pallas)

ATHENA (the See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the Homeric Athene, also called Athenaia, See also:

• PALLAS, PETER SIMON (1741–1811)

Pallas Athene, Pallas)  , one of the most important goddesses in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology . With See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus and See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo, she forms a triad which represents the embodiment of all divine See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . No satisfactory derivation of the name See also:

• ATHENA (the Attic form of the Homeric Athene, also called Athenaia, Pallas Athene, Pallas)

Athena has been given'; See also:

• PALLAS, PETER SIMON (1741–1811)

Pallas, at first an epithet, but after See also:

• PINDAR (Gr. HivSapos, c. 522–443 B.c.)

Pindar used ' O . Gruppe (Griechische Mythologie, ii. p . 1194) thinks that it probably means " without See also:

• MOTHER

mother's See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk," either in an active or in a passive sense—" not giving suck," or " unsuckled," in her See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character as the virgin goddess, or as springing from the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of Zeus . In support of this view he refers to See also:

• HESYCHIUS

Hesychius (Biwaov y&7ta) and a passage in See also:

• ATHENAGORAS

Athenagoras (Legatio See also:

• PRO

pro Christians, 17), where it isby itself, may possibly be connected with aaXXaicit (" See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

maiden ") . Athena has been variously described as the pure See also:

• AETHER, or ETHER (Gr. deli p, probably from caeca, I burn, though Plato in his Cratylus (410 B)

aether, the See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm-See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

cloud, the See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn, the See also:

• TWILIGHT

twilight; but there is little See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that she was regarded as representing any of the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of nature, and it is better to endeavour to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of her character and attributes from a See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of her cult-epithets and See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual . According to the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, her See also:

• FATHER

father Zeus swallowed his wife Metis (" counsel '7), when pregnant with Athena, since he had been warned that his See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children by her might prove stronger than himself and dethrone him . See also:

• HEPHAESTUS

Hephaestus (or See also:

• PROMETHEUS

Prometheus) subsequently split open his head with a See also:

• HATCHET (adapted from the Fr. hachette, diminutive of hache, axe, hacker, to cut, hack)

hatchet, and Athena sprang forth fully. armed, uttering a loud shout of victory (See also:

• HESIOD

Hesiod, Theogony, 886; Pindar, See also:

• OLYMPIA

Olympia, vii . 35) . In See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete she was said to have issued from a cloud burst asunder by Zeus . According to See also:

• ROSCHER, WILHELM GEORG FRIEDRICH (1817–1894)

Roscher, the manner. of her See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth represents. the storm-cloud split by See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning; , Farnell (Cults of the Greek States, i. p .

285) See also:

• SEES

sees in it an indication that, as the daughter of Metis, Athena was already invested with a See also:

• MENTAL

mental and moral character, and explains the swallowing of Metis (for which compare the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of Cronus and his children) by the See also:

• DESIRE

desire to attribute an extraordinary birth to one in whom masculine traitspredominated . In another See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account (as Tpiecryb€La) she is the daughter of the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• TRITON

Triton, to which various localities were assigned, and wherever there was a river (or See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake) of that name, the inhabitants claimed that she was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born there . It is probable that the name originated in See also:

• BOEOTIA

Boeotia (C . O . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Geschichten hellenischer Stamme,.i. pp . 351-357; but see Macan on See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus, iv . 18o), whence it was conveyed by colonists to See also:

• CYRENE [mod. Ain Shahat-Grenna]

Cyrene and thence to See also:

• LIBYA

Libya, where there was a river Triton . Here some See also:

• LOCAL

local divinity, a daughter of See also:

• POSEIDON

Poseidon, connected with the See also:

• WATER

water and also of a warlike character, was identified by the colonists with their own Athena . In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, it is fairly certain that Tritogeneia means " water-born," although an old See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation derived it from raced, a supposed Boeotian word meaning " head," which further points to the name having originated in Boeotia . Roscher suggests that the localization of her birthplace in the extreme See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west points to the western See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of cloud and storm . In See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer Athena already appears as the goddess of counsel, of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, of See also:

• FEMALE

female arts and See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, and the protectress of Greek cities, this last aspect of her character being the most important and pronounced . Hence she is called iroXtas, aoXLoi3 os, in many Greek states, and is frequently associated with Z&is aoXcts .

The most celebrated festival. of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city-goddess was the See also:

• PANATHENAEA

Panathenaea at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens and other places . Other titles of kindred meaning are apxnyeres (" founder ") and lravaxa'ts, the protectress of the Achaean See also:

• LEAGUE

league . At Athens she presided over the phratries or clans, and was known as lorarovpia and 4parpia, and See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice was offered to her at the festival See also:

• APATURIA ('Airarobpea)

Apaturia . The See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title n rgp, given her by the inhabitants of See also:

• ELIS
• ELIS, or ELEIA
• ELIS, PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOL OF

Elis, whose See also:

• WOMEN

women, according to the legend, she had blessed with abundance of children, seems at variance with the generally-recognized conception of her as irapeives; but p. r-qp may See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the same meaning as rcovporpo¢os, the fosterer of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with her aspect as protectress of civic. and See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• LIFE

life . At Alalcomenae, near the Tritonian lake in Boeotia, she was &XaXxo,uev, t (" defender ") . ' Her See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple, which was pillaged by See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla, contained an See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image, which was said to have fallen from See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven . The inhabitants claimed that the goddess was born there and brought up by a: local See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero Alalcomeneus . Her images, called Palladia, which guarded the heights (cf. her epithets &spin, Kpavaia), represented her with See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield uplifted, brandishing her See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear to keep off the foe . The cult of Athena Itonia, whose earliest seat appears to have, been amongst the Thessalians, who used her name as a See also:

• BATTLE

battle-cry, made its way to Coronea in Boeotia, where her See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary was the seat of the Pamboeotian , confederacy.., The meaning of Itonia is obscure: Dtimmler connects it with Im7mes, the " See also:

• WILLOW (Salix)

willow-beds" on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the river Coralios (the river stated that Athena was sometimes called 'AO Xa Or 'AB iXrl . For Pallas, he prefers the old See also:

• ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology from At.XXw (to " shako "), rather in the sense of " See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth-shaker " than " See also:

• LANCE

lance-brandishee." of the maiden, i.e . Athena); See also:

• JEBB, JOHN (1736–1786)
• JEBB, SIR RICHARD CLAVERHOTJSE (1841–1905)

Jebb (on See also:

• BACCHYLIDES

Bacchylides, fr. xi . 2) suggests a derivation from tivac, the goddess of the "onset." At See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes she was worshipped as Athena Onka or Onga, of equally uncertain derivation (possibly from &yKos, "a height ") .

See also:

• PECULIAR

Peculiar to See also:

• ARCADIA

Arcadia is the title Athena Alea, probably=" warder off of evil," although others explain it as=" warmth," and see in it an allusion to her physical nature as one of the powers of See also:

• LIGHT

light . Famell (Cults, p . 275) points out that at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time she is certainly looked upon as in some way connected with the See also:

• HEALTH

health-divinities, since in her temple she is grouped with Asclepius and See also:

• HYGIEIA

Hygieia (see HYGIEIA) . She already appears as the goddess of counsel (rroWovXos) in the Iliad and in Hesiod . The See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic bouleutae took the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath by Athena Boulaia; at See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta she was ayopata, presiding over the popular assemblies in the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place; in Arcadia µnxavIres, the discoverer of devices . The epithet rrpovola (" forethought ") is due, according to Farnell, to a confusion with rrpovata, referring to a statue of the goddess See also:

• STANDING

standing " before a See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine," and arose later (probably spreading from See also:

• DELPHI (the Pytho of Homer and Herodotus; in Boeotian inscriptions BeA4oi, on coins Aa)tg5oi)

Delphi), some time after the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• WARS

wars, in which she repelled a Persian attack on the temples " by divine forethought "; another legend attributes the name to her skill in assisting Leto at the birth of Apollo and See also:

• ARTEMIS

Artemis . With this aspect of her character may be compared the Hesiodic legend, according to which she was the daughter of Metis . Her connexion with the trial of See also:

• ORESTES

Orestes, the introduction of a milder form of See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment for justifiable See also:

• HOMICIDE (Lat. homicidium)

homicide, and the institution of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court rb E>ri lIaXXaStq, show the important See also:

• PART

part played by her in the development of legal ideas . The protectress of cities was naturally also a goddess of war . As such she appears in Homer and Hesiod and in See also:

• POST

post-Homeric legend as the slayer of the See also:

• GORGON, GORGONS (Gr. Popyc'o, Fopyoves, the "terrible," or, according to some, the " loud-roaring ")

Gorgon and taking part in the battle of the giants . On numerous monuments she is represented as &peta, " the warlike," vucfc/ibpos, " bringer of victory," holding an image of See also:

• NIKE

Nike (q.v.) in her outstretched See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand (for other similar epithets see Roscher's Lexikon) . She was also the goddess of the arts of war in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general; arocxeta, she who draws up the ranks for battle, 'worrtpta, she who girds herself for the fray .

See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

Martial See also:

• MUSIC

music (cp . 'ABitvrt a-AXrrcyE, " See also:

• TRUMPET (Fr. trompette, clairon; Ger. ,Trompete, Klarino, Trummet; Ital. tromba, trombetta, clarino)
• TRUMPET, SPEAKING AND HEARING

trumpet ") and the Pyrrhic See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

dance, in which she herself is said to have taken part to commemorate the victory over the giants, and the See also:

• BUILDING

building of war-See also:

• SHIPS

ships were attributed to her . She instructed certain of her favourites in gymnastics and athletics, as a useful training for war . The epithets Ira-La, xaXwirts, Saµbacrrrros, usually referred to her as goddess of war-horses, may perhaps be reminiscences of an older See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion in which the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse was sacred to her . As a war-goddess, she is the embodiment of prudent and intelligent See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics, entirely different from See also:

• ARES

Ares, the personification of See also:

• BRUTE, SIMON WILLIAM GABRIEL (1779–1839)

brute force and rashness, who is fitly represented as suffering defeat at her hands . She is the patroness and protectress of those heroes who are distinguished for their prudence and caution, and in the Trojan War she sides with the more civilized Greeks . The goddess of war develops into the goddess of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and the pursuits connected with it . She is prominent as the See also:

• PROMOTER

promoter of See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture in Attic legend . The Athenian hero See also:

• ERECHTHEUS

Erechtheus (Erichthonius), originally an earth-See also:

• GOD

god, is her See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

foster-son, with whom she was honoured in the See also:

• ERECHTHEUM

Erechtheum on the See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

Acropolis . Her See also:

• OLDEST

oldest priestesses, the See also:

• DEW

dew-sisters—Aglauros, Herse, Pandrosos—signify the fertilization of the earth by the dew, and were probably at one time identified with Athena, as surnames of whom both Aglauros and Pandrosos are found . The story of the voluntary sacrifice of the Attic maiden Aglauros on behalf of her See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in time of war (commemorated by the See also:

• EPHEBI (Gr. i ri, and On, i.e. " those who have reached puberty ")

ephebi taking the oath of See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty to their country in her temple), and of the leap of the three sisters over the Acropolis See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock (see ERECHTHEUS), probably points to an old human sacrifice . Athena also gave the Athenians the See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, which was supposed to have sprung from the See also:

• BARE

bare See also:

• SOIL

soil of the Acropolis, when smitten by her spear, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the horse (or See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of water) produced by the See also:

• TRIDENT (Lat. tridens, lri-, tres, three and dens, tooth)

trident of Poseidon, to which he appealed in support of his claim to the lordship of Athens .

She is also connected with Poseidon in the legend of Erechtheus, not as being 829 in any way akin to the former in nature or character, but as indicating the contest between an old and a new religion . This god, whose See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship was introduced into Athens at a later bate by the Ionian immigrants, was identified with Erechtheus-Erichthonius (for whose birth Athena was in a certain sense responsible), and thus was' brought ' into connexion with the goddess, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to effect a 'reconciliation of the two cults: Athena was said to have invented the plough, and to have taught men to tame horses and yoke oxen . Various arts were attributed' to her—See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding, the See also:

• GOLDSMITH
• GOLDSMITH, LEWIS (c. 1763–1846)
• GOLDSMITH, OLIVER (1728–1774)

goldsmith's See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft, fulling, shoemaking and other branches of See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as Homer she takes especial See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the occupations of women; she makes See also:

• HERA

Hera's robe and her own peplus, and See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning and See also:

• WEAVING

weaving are often called" the See also:

• WORKS

works of Athena." The See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of offering a beautifully See also:

• WOVEN

woven peplus at the Panathenaic festival is See also:

• CON

con-, nected with her character as Ergane the goddess of industry.' As patroness of the arts, she is associated with Hephaestus (one of her titles is `Hq5airTta) and Prometheus, and in Boeotia she was regarded as the .inventress of the See also:

• FLUTE

flute . According to Pindar, she imitated oh the flute the See also:

• DISMAL

dismal wail of thetwo surviving Gorgon after the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• MEDUSA

Medusa . The legend that Athena, observing in the water the distortion of her features 'caused by playing that See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument, flung it. away, probably indicates that the Boeotians whom the Athenians regarded with - contempt, used the flute in their worship of the Boeotian Athena . The story of the slaying of Medusa by Athena,- in which there is no certain evidence that she played a See also:

• DIRECT

direct part, explained by Roscher as the scattering of the storm-cloud, probably arose from the fact that she is represented as wearing the Gorgon's head as a badge . As in the case of See also:

• APHRODITE

Aphrodite and Apollo, Roscher in his Lexikon deduces all the characteristics of Athena from a-single conception —that of the goddess of the storm or the See also:

• THUNDER

thunder-cloud (for a discussion of such attempts see Farnell, Cults, i. pp . 31 263) . There seems little See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for regarding her as a nature-goddess at all, but rather as the presiding divinity of states and cities, of the arts and industries—in See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, as the goddess of the whole intellectual See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of human life . Except at Athens, little is known of the ceremonies or festivals which attended her worship . There we have the following .

(r) The ceremony of the Three Sacred Ploughs, by which the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal for See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed-time was given, apparently dating from a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period when agriculture was one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief occupations of her worshippers . (2) The Procharisteria at the end of See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, at which thanks were offered for the germination of the seed . (3) The Scirophoria, with a procession from the Acropolis to the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Skiron, in the height of summer, the priests who were- to entreat her to keep off the summer See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat walking See also:

• TINDER (O. Eng. tyndre, from tindan, tendan, to kindle, cf. Dan. tonder, Ger. anzunden)

tinder the shade of parasols (ardpov) held over them; others, however, connect the name with vxipos (" See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum "), perhaps used for smearing the image of the goddess . (4) The Oschophoria, at the vintage See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, with - races among boys, and a procession, with songs in praise of See also:

• DIONYSUS (probably = " son of Zeus," from & Os and vv(7os, a Thracian word for " son ")

Dionysus and See also:

• ARIADNE (in Greek mythology)

Ariadne . (5) The Chalkeia (feast of smiths), at which the •birth of Erechtheus and the i Ventlon of the plough were celebrated . (6) The Plynteria and Callyyntersia, at which her See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient image and peplus in the Erechtheum and the temple itself were cleaned, with a procession in which bunches of See also:

• FIGS

figs (frequently used in lustrations) were carried . (7) The Arrhephoria or Errephoria (perhaps = Ersephoria, " dew-bearing "), at which four girls, between seven and eleven years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, selected from See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble families, carried certain unknown sacred See also:

• OBJECTS

objects to and from the temple of Aphrodite " in the gardens " (see J . E . See also:

• HARRISON
• HARRISON, BENJAMIN
• HARRISON, FREDERIC (1831— )
• HARRISON, JOHN (1693—1776)
• HARRISON, THOMAS (16o6-166o)
• HARRISON, THOMAS ALEXANDER (1853– )
• HARRISON, WILLIAM (1534–1593)
• HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY (1773–1841)

Harrison, Classical See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, See also:

• APRIL

April 1889) . (8) The Panatkenaea, at which the new See also:

• ROBES (Fr. robe, Late Lat. roba, raupa, meaning (1)

robes for the image of the goddess were carried through the city, spread like a See also:

• SAIL

sail on a See also:

• MAST (2) (Anglo-Saxon maest, food, common to some Teutonic languages, and ultimately connected with " meat")
• MAST (I) (O. Eng. maest; a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. malus; from the medieval latinized form mast us comes Fr. malt)

mast . The reliefs of the See also:

• FRIEZE

frieze of the See also:

• CELLA

cella of the See also:

• PARTHENON (HapOevwv)

Parthenon enable us to form an idea of the procession . Athletic See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, open to all who traced their See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality to Athens, were part of this festival .

Mention should also be made of the Argive ' According to J . E . Harrison in Classical Review (Jane 1894), Athena Ergane is the goddess of the fruits of the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field and the pro-creation of children . ceremony, at which the xoanon (ancient wooden statue) of Athena was washed in the river Inachus, a See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of her See also:

• PURIFICATION

purification after the Gigantomachia . The usual attributes of Athena were the See also:

• HELMET (from an obsolete diminutive of O. Fr. helme, mod. heaume; the English word is " helm," as in O. Eng., Dutch and Ger.; all are from the Teutonic base hal-, pre-Teut. kal-, to cover; cf. Lat. celare, to hide, Eng. " hell," &c.)

helmet, the See also:

• AEGIS (Gr. Aigis)

aegis, the See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round shield with the head of Medusa in the centre, the lance, an olive See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch, the See also:

• OWL (O. Eng. Ule, Swed. Uggla, Ger. Eule—all allied to Lat. Ulula, and evidently of imitative origin)

owl, the See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock and the snake . Of .these the aegis, usually explained as a storm-cloud, is probably intended as a battle-See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm, like the Gorgon's head on the shield and the faces on the See also:

• SHIELDS, JAMES (181b-1879)

shields of See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese soldiers; the owl probably represents the form under which she was worshipped in See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive times, and subsequently became her favourite See also:

• BIRD

bird (the epithet y XavKwlrLs, meaning " keen-eyed " in Homer, may have originally signified " owl-faced ") ; the snake, a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion of the earth deities, probably refers to her connexion with Er,echtheus-Erichthonius . As to See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic representations of the goddess, we have first the See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude figure which seems to be a copy of the See also:

• PALLADIUM (Gr. sraXXit&ov)
• PALLADIUM [symbol Pd, atomic weight Io6.7 (O=16)]

Palladium; secondly, the still rude, but otherwise more interesting, figures of her, as e.g. when accompanying heroes, on the early, painted vases; and thirdly, the type of her as produced by See also:

• PHEIDIAS

Pheidias, from which little variation appears to have been made . Of his numerous statues of her, the three most celebrated were set up on the Acropolis . (I) Athena Parthenos, in the Parthenon . It was in ivory and See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, and 30 ft. high . She was represented standing, in a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TUNIC (0. Eng. tunice, tunical, taken, before the Norman con-quest, directly from Lat. tunica, of which the origin is unknown)

tunic; on her head was a helmet, ornamented with sphinxes and griffins; on her See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast was the aegis, fringed with serpents and the Gorgon's head in centre . In her right hand was a Nike or winged victory, while her See also:

• LEFT

left held a spear, which rested on a shield on which were represented the. battles of the See also:

• AMAZONS

Amazons with the giants .

(2) A See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal statue said to have been formed from the spoils taken at See also:

• MARATHON

Marathon, the so-called Athena Promachos . (3) Athena Lemnia, so called because it had been dedicated by the Athenian cleruchies in See also:

• LEMNOS (mod. Limnos)

Lemnos . In this she was represented without arms, as a brilliant type of virgin beauty . The two last statues were of See also:

• BRONZE

bronze . From the time of Pheidias See also:

• CALM

calm earnestness, self-conscious might, and clearness of See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect were the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main characteristics of the goddess . The eyes, slightly See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast down, betoken an attitude of thoughtfulness; the forehead is clear and open; the mouth indicates firmness and See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution . The whole suggests a masculine rather than a feminine form . From See also:

• GREECE

Greece the worship of Athena extended to Magna Graecia, where a number of temples were erected to her in various places . In See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy proper she was identified with See also:

• MINERVA

Minerva (q.v.) . See articles in Pauly-Wissowa's Realencyclopadie; W . H . Roscher's Lexikon der Mythologie; Daremberg and Saglio's Dictionnaire See also:

• DES

des antiquites (s.v .

" Minerva "); L . See also:

• PRELLER, FRIEDRICH (1804–1878)
• PRELLER, LUDWIG (1809–1861)

Preller, Griechische Mythologie; W . H . Roscher, " See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Grundbedeutung der Athene," in Nektar and See also:

• AMBROSIA

Ambrosia (1883) ; F . A . Voigt, " Beitrage zur Mythologie des Ares and Athena," in Leipziger Studien, iv . (1881) ; L . R . Farnell, The Cults of the Greek States, i . (1896); J . E . Harrison, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion (1903), for the festivals especially; O .

Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie, ii . (1907) . In the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article GREEK See also:

• ART

ART, fig . 21 represents Athena in the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of striking -a prostrate See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant; fig . 38 a statuette of Athena Parthenos, a replica of the See also:

• WORK

work of Pheidias . (J . H .