See also:

• ATHOS (Gr. "Aytov "Opos; Turk. Aineros; Ital. Monte Santo)

ATHOS (Gr. "Aytov "Opos; Turk. Aineros; Ital. See also:

• MONTE

Monte Santo)  , the most eastern of the three See also:

• PENINSULAR

peninsular promontories which extend, like the prongs of a See also:

• TRIDENT (Lat. tridens, lri-, tres, three and dens, tooth)

trident, southwards from the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia (See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey) into the See also:

• AEGEAN

Aegean See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea . Before the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the name See also:

• ATHOS (Gr. "Aytov "Opos; Turk. Aineros; Ital. Monte Santo)

Athos was usually confined to the terminal See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak of the promontory, which was itself known by its See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient name, Acte . The peak rises like a See also:

• PYRAMID

pyramid, with a steep See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, to a height of 635o ft., and can be seen at sunset from the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, and the slopes of See also:

• OLYMPUS

Olympus on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . On the See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus are distinct traces of the See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal cut by See also:

• XERXES (the Greek form of the Pers. Khshayarsha; Old Testament Ahasverus, Akhashverosh—i.e. Ahasuerus (q.v.)—with wrong vocalization and substitution of y for v, instead of Akhshavarsh; in Aramaic inscriptions and papyri from Egypt the name is written Khs

Xerxes before his invasion of See also:

• GREECE

Greece in 480 B.C . The See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula is remarkable for the beauty of its scenery, and derives a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• INTEREST

interest from its unique See also:

• GROUP

group of monastic communities with their See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval customs and institutions, their treasures of See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

• ART

art and See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich collections of documents . It is about 4o m. in length, with a breadth varying from 4 to 7 m.; its whole See also:

• AREA

area belongs to the various monasteries . It was inhabited in the earliest times by a mixed See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Thracian See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population; of its five cities mentioned by See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus few traces remain; some See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions discovered on the sites were published by W . M . See also:

• LEAKE, WILLIAM MARTIN (1777-186o)

Leake (Travels in N . Greece, 1835, si . 14o) and Kinch . The legends of the monks attribute the first religious settlements to the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine (274-337), but the hermitages are first mentioned in See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical documents of the 9th century .

It is conjectured that the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain was at an earlier See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode of anchorites, whose See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers were increased by fugitives from the iconoclastic persecutions (726-842) . The " coenobian " See also:

• RULE

rule to which many of the monasteries still adhere was established by St See also:

• ATHANASIUS (293-373)

Athanasius, the founder of the See also:

• GREAT

great monastery of Laura, in 969 . Under a constitution approved by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Constantine Monomachos in 1045, See also:

• WOMEN

women and See also:

• FEMALE

female animals were excluded from the See also:

• HOLY

holy mountain . In ro6o the community was withdrawn from the authority of the See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, and a monastic See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic was practically constituted . The taking of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204 brought persecution and pillage on the monks; this reminded them of earlier Saracenic invasions, and led them to See also:

• APPEAL

appeal for See also:

• PROTECTION

protection to See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent III., who gave them a favoilrable reply . Under the Palaeologi (1260-1453) they recovered their prosperity, and were enriched by gifts from various See also:

• SOURCES

sources . In the 14th century the peninsula became the chosen See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat of several of the emperors, and the monasteries were thrown into commotion by the famous dispute over the mystical See also:

• HESYCHASTS ($1v(acrai or ilaux4ovres, from ' avxos, quiet, also called &µc/mM‘livxoe, Umbilicanimi, and sometimes referred to as Euchites, Massalians or .Palamites)

Hesychasts . Owing to the timely submission of the monks to the See also:

• TURKS

Turks after the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of See also:

• SALONICA, SALONIKA

Salonica (1430), their privileges were respected ATHOS 851 by successive sultans: a See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute is paid to the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, which is represented by a See also:

• RESIDENT

resident kaimakam, and the community is allowed to maintain a small See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police force . Under the See also:

• PRESENT

present constitution, which See also:

• DATES

dates from 1783, the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general affairs of the See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

commonwealth are entrusted to an See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly (ovvaits) of twenty members, one from each monastery; a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of four members, chosen in turn, styled epistatae (Eartrrarat), forms the executive . The See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the committee (6 arpwros) is also the president of the assembly, which holds its sittings in the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Karyes, the seat of government since the loth century . The twenty monasteries, which all belong to the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of St See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil, are: Laura (a) Aaupa), founded in 963; Vatopedi (BaroariStov), said to have been founded by the emperor See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius; Rossikon (`Pwvvuc5v), the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian monastery of St Panteleimon; Chiliandari (Xtktavrapiov: supposed to be derived from XiXtot & Apes or xiXta Aeovrapta), founded by the Servian See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen Nemanya (1159-1195); Iveron (a) goo) rwv 'If3iipwv), founded by See also:

• IBERIANS (Iberi, "I(3r7Aes)

Iberians, or Georgians; Esphigmenu (See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

roD 'E r4 ypivou: the name is derived from the See also:

• CON

con-fined situation of the monastery); Kutlumush (KourXoupo6aa7); Pandocratoros (roil IlavroKparopos); Philotheu (4 XoNov); Caracallu (See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

rat KapataXMou); St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul (roD ayiou IlavXou); St See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis (rov ayiou &ovuQiov); St See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory (See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll' ayiou rpr7yopiov); Sim6petra (Ltpoarerpa); Xeropotamu (roD Z'Poarorapov); St See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon (roll ayiou EEvo0 ovror); Dochiarfu (AoXetapeiov); Constamonftu (Kwvvrapovirov); Zogrraphu (roD Zwypa4ov); and Stavronikftu (roll Xravpovucirou, the last built, founded in 1545) . The coenobian " monasteries (Kowa-(3ta), each under the rule of an See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot (i7youpevos), are subjected to severe discipline; the brethren are clothed alike, take their meals (usually limited to See also:

• BREAD

bread and vegetables) in the See also:

• REFECTORY (med. Lat. refectorium, from reficere, to refresh)

refectory, and possess no private See also:

• PROPERTY

property .

In the " idiorrhythmic" monasteries (IStoppvBpa), which are governed by two or three annually elected wardens (brlrpoarot), a less stringent rule prevails, and the monks are allowed to supplement the fare of the monastery from their private incomes . Dependent on the several monasteries are twelve sketae (oKi3rat) or monastic settlements, some of considerable See also:

• SIZE

size, in which a still more ascetic mode of See also:

• LIFE

life prevails: there are, in addition, several farms (peroXia), and many See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred sanctuaries with adjoining habitations (KeXXia) and hermitages (avKa7ri7Pta) . The monasteries, with the exception of Rossik6n (St Panteleimon) and the Serbo-Bulgarian Chiliandari and Zogra.phu, are occupied exclusively by Greek monks . The largeskete of St See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew and some others belong to the Russians; there are also Rumanian and Georgian sketae . The great monastery of Rossik6n, which is said to number about 3000 inmates, has been under a Russian abbot since 1875; it is regarded as one of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal centres of the Russian politico-religious propaganda in the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant . The tasteless See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of its See also:

• MODERN

modern buildings is out of See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with the See also:

• QUAINT (O. Fr. cointe, from Lat. cognitus, known, probably influenced by association with Lat. corn plus, neat)

quaint beauty of the other monasteries . Furnished with ample means, the Russian monks neglect no opportunity of adding to their possessions on the holy mountain; their encroachments are resisted by the Greek monks, whose See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, however, was much diminished by the secularization of their estates in See also:

• RUMANIA
• RUMANIA, or ROUMANIA [Romdnia]

Rumania(1864) . The population of the holy mountain numbers from 6000 to 7000; about 3000 are monks (eaMoyepot), the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder being See also:

• LAY

lay See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers (KOO"pcKOi) . The monasteries, which are all fortified, generally consist of large quadrangles enclosing churches; See also:

• STANDING

standing amid rich foliage, they present a wonderfully picturesque See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, especially when viewed from the sea . Their inmates, when not engaged in religious services, occupy themselves with husbandry, fishing and various handicrafts; the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of intellectual culture is not high . A large See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy, founded by the monks of Vatopedi in 1749, for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time attracted students from all parts of the East, but eventually proved a failure, and is now in ruins . The See also:

• MUNIMENT

muniment rooms of the monasteries contain a marvellous See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of documents, including chrysobulls of various emperors and princes, sigilla of the patriarchs, typica, irades and other documents, the study of which will throw an important See also:

• LIGHT

light on the See also:

• POLITICAL

political and ecclesiastical See also:

• HISTORY

history and social life of the 852 East from the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the loth century .

Up to comparatively See also:

• RECENT

recent times a priceless collection of classical See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts was preserved in the See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries; many of them were destroyed during the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of Greek See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence (1821—1829) by the Turks, who employed the parchments for the manufacture of cartridges; others See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell a See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey to the neglect or vandalism of the monks, who, it is said, used the material as bait in fishing; others have been sold to visitors, and a considerable number have been removed to See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow and See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . The library of Simopetra was destroyed by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in 1891, and that of St Paul in 1905 . There is now little See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of any important See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of classical manuscripts . The codices remaining in the libraries are for the most See also:

• PART

part theological and ecclesiastical See also:

• WORKS

works . Of the Greek manuscripts, numbering about 11,000, 6618 have been catalogued by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Spyridion Lambros of See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens; his See also:

• WORK

work, however, does not include the See also:

• MSS

MSS. in some of the sketae, or those in the libraries of Laura and Vatopedi, of which catalogues (hitherto unpublished) have been prepared by resident monks . The canonic MSS. only of Vatopedi and Laura have been catalogued by Benessevich in the supplement to vol. ix. of the Bizantiyskiy Vremennik (St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, 1904) . The See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic and Georgian MSS. have not been catalogued . Apart from the illuminated MSS., the mural paintings, the mosaics, and the See also:

• GOLDSMITH
• GOLDSMITH, LEWIS (c. 1763–1846)
• GOLDSMITH, OLIVER (1728–1774)

goldsmith's work of See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Athos are of See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite interest to the student of Byzantine art . The frescoes in general date from the 15th or 16th century: some are attributed by the monks to Panselinos, " the See also:

• RAPHAEL (Hebrew smm, " God heals ")

Raphael of Byzantine See also:

• PAINTING

painting," who apparently flourished in the time of the Palaeologi . Most of them have been indifferently restored by See also:

• LOCAL

local artists, who follow mechanically a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• HIERATIC

hieratic tradition, the principles of which are embodied in a work of iconography by the See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius, said to have been a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of Panselinos . The same spirit of conservatism is See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest in the See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture of the churches, which are all of the medieval Byzantine type . Some of the monasteries were seriously damaged by an See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake in 1905 .