See also:

• ATROPHY (Gr. It- priv., rpo4, nourishment)

ATROPHY (Gr. It- priv., rpo4, nourishment)  , a See also:

• TERM

term in See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine used to describe a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of wasting due to some interference with the See also:

• FUNCTION

function of healthy See also:

• NUTRITION

nutrition (see See also:

• PATHOLOGY (from Gr. raBos, suffering)

PATHOLOGY) . In the living organism there are always at See also:

• WORK

work changes involving the See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste of its component tissues, which render necessary, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to maintain and preserve See also:

• LIFE

life, the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply and proper assimilation of nutritive material . It is also essential for the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of See also:

• HEALTH

health that a due relation exist between these processes of waste and repair, so that the one may not be in excess of the other . When the See also:

• APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

appropriation of nutriment exceeds the waste, See also:

• HYPERTROPHY (Gr. inrEp, over, and rpo(A, nourishment)

hypertrophy (q.v.) or increase in bulk of the tissues takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . When, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the supply of nutritive See also:

• MATTER

matter is suspended or diminished, or when the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of assimilation is impaired, See also:

• ATROPHY (Gr. It- priv., rpo4, nourishment)

atrophy or wasting is the result . Thus the whole See also:

• BODY

body becomes atrophied in many diseases; and in old See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age every See also:

• ATTA, TITUS QUINCTIUS

ATTA 877 See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• FRAME

frame, with the single exception of the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, under-goes atrophic See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change . Atrophy may, however, affect single See also:

• ORGANS

organs or parts of the body, irrespective of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general state of nutrition, and this may be brought about in a variety of ways . One of the most frequently observed of such instances is atrophy from disuse, or cessation of function . Thus, when a See also:

• LIMB

limb is deprived of the natural power of See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion, either by See also:

• PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis or by painful See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint disease, the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of exercise essential to its nutrition being no longer fulfilled, atrophy of all its textures sooner or later takes place . The See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain in imbeciles is frequently observed to be shrivelled, and in many cases of See also:

• BLINDNESS

blindness there is atrophy of the optic See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve and optic See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract . This See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of atrophy is likewise well exemplified in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of those organs and structures of the body 'which subserve important ends during foetal life, but which, ceasing to be necessary after See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, undergo a sort of natural atrophy, such as the thymus gland, and certain vessels specially concerned in the foetal circulation . The uterus after parturition undergoes a certain amount of atrophy, and the ovaries, after the See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child-bearing See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, become shrunken .

Atrophy of a part may also be caused by interruption to its normal See also:

• BLOOD

blood-supply, as in the case of the ligature or obstruction of an artery . Again, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-See also:

• STANDING

standing disease, by affecting the nutrition of an See also:

• ORGAN

organ and by inducing the See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of morbid products, may result in atrophy, as frequently happens in affections of the See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver and kidneys . Parts that are subjected to continuous pressure are liable to become atrophied, as is sometimes seen in See also:

• INTERNAL

internal organs which have been pressed upon by tumours or other morbid growths, and is well illustrated in the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese practice of See also:

• FOOT

foot-binding . Atrophy may See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest itself simply by loss of substance; but, on the other hand, it is often found to co-exist with degenerative changes in the textures affected and the formation of See also:

• ADVENTITIOUS (from Lat. adventicius, coming from abroad)

adventitious growth, so that the part may not be reduced in bulk although atrophied as regards its proper structure . Thus, in the case of the heart, when affected with fatty degeneration, there is atrophy of the proper See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular texture, but as this is largely replaced by fatty matter, the organ may undergo no diminution in See also:

• VOLUME

volume, but may, on the contrary, be increased in See also:

• SIZE

size . Atrophy is usually a See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual and slow See also:

• PROCESS

process, but sometimes it proceeds rapidly . In the disease known by the name of acute yellow atrophy of the liver, that organ undergoes such rapidly destructive change as results in its shrinking to See also:

• HALF

half, or one-third, of its normal size in the course of a few days . The term progressive muscular atrophy (synonyms, wasting or creeping palsy) is applied to an See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection of the muscular See also:

• SYSTEM

system, which is characterized by the atrophy and subsequent paralysis of certain muscles, or See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of muscles, and is associated with morbid changes in the anterior roots of the nerves of the See also:

• SPINAL

spinal See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord . This disease begins insidiously, and is often first observed to affect the muscles of one hand, generally the right . The See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the sufferer is first attracted by the power of the hand becoming weakened, and then there is found to be a wasting of certain of its muscles, particularly those of the See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball of the thumb . Gradually other muscles in the arms and legs become affected in a similar manner, their atrophy being attended with a corresponding diminution in power . Although sometimes arrested, this disease tends to progress, until in course of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the greater part of the muscular system is implicated and a fatal result ensues .