See also:

• ATTILA (d. 453)

ATTILA (d. 453)  , See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the See also:

• HUNS

Huns, became king in 433, along with his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Bleda, on the See also:

• DEATH

death of his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle Rona . We hear but little as to Bleda, who died about 445, possibly slain by his brother's orders . In the first eight years of his reign See also:

• ATTILA (d. 453)

Attila was chiefly occupied in the See also:

• WARS

wars with other See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian tribes, by which he made himself virtually supreme in central See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . His own See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom comprised the countries which are now called See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary and Transylvania, his See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital being possibly not far from the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Buda-Pest; but having made the See also:

• OSTROGOTHS, or EAST GOTHS

Ostrogoths, the Gepidae and many other See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic tribes his subject-See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, and having also sent his invading armies into See also:

• MEDIA

Media, he seems for nearly twenty years to have ruled practically without a See also:

• RIVAL

rival from the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian to the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine . Very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in his reign, Honoria, See also:

• GRAND

grand-daughter of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius II., being subjected to severe See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of an amorous intrigue with one of the chamberlains of the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, sent her See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring to the king of the Huns and called on him to be her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband and her deliverer . Nothing came of the proposed engagement, but the wrongs of Honoria, his affianced wife, served as a convenientpretext for some of the constantly recurring embassies with which Attila, fond of trampling on the fallen See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

majesty of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, worried and bullied the two courts of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople and See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna . Another frequent subject of complaint was found in certain sacred vessels which the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Sirmium had sent as a bribe to the secretary of Attila, and which had been by him, fraudulently, as his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master contended, pawned to a silversmith at Rome . There were also frequent and imperious demands for the surrender of fugitives who had sought shelter from the wrath of Attila within the limits of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . One of the return embassies from Constantinople, that sent in 448, had the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of being accompanied by a rhetorician named See also:

• PRISCUS

Priscus, whose See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute journalistic account of the negotiations, including as it does a vivid picture of the great Hun in his banquet-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, is by far the most valuable source of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information as to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court and See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp of Attila . What lends additional See also:

• INTEREST

interest to the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story. is the fact that in the See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador's See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite there was an interpreter named Vigilas, who for fifty pounds of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold had promised to assassinate Attila . This See also:

• BASE

base See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design was discovered by the Hunnish king, but had never been revealed to the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy or to his secretary . The situations created by this See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of honest See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy and See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret villainy are described by Priscus with real dramatic See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power .

IA 450 Theodosius II., the incapable emperor of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, died, and his See also:

• THRONE

throne was occupied by a See also:

• VETERAN

veteran soldier named See also:

• MARCIAN (c. 390-457)

Marcian, who answered the insulting See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message of Attila in, a manlier See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone than his predecessor . Accordingly the Hun, who had something of the See also:

• BULLY (of uncertain origin, but possibly connected with a Teutonic word seen in many compounds, as the Low Ger. bullerjaan, meaning " noisy "; the word has also, with less probability, been derived from the Dutch beel, and Ger. Buhle, a lover)

bully in his nature, now turned upon Valentinian III., the trembling emperor of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, and demanded redress for the wrongs of Honoria, and one-See also:

• HALF

half of Valentinian's dominions as her See also:

• DOWRY (in Anglo-Fr. dowarie, O. Fr. douaire, Med. Lat. dotaria, from Lat. dos; from root of dare, to give; in Fr. dot)

dowry . Allying himself with the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks and See also:

• VANDALS (Lat. Vandili or Vandilii)

Vandals, he led his vast many-nationed See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army to the Rhine in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 451, crossed that See also:

• RIVER

river, and sacked, apparently, most of the cities in Belgic See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul . Most fortunately for Europe, the Teutonic races already settled in Gaul rallied to the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the empire against invaders infinitely more barbarous than themselves . Prominent in this new See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition was See also:

• THEODORIC

Theodoric, king of the Visigoths, whose capital city was . See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse . His See also:

• FIRM

firm fighting See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• AETIUS
• AETIUS (d. 454)
• AETIUS (fl. 350)

Aetius, with whom he had had many a conflict in previous years, was one of the best auguries for the new Europe that was to arise out of the ruins of the Roman empire . Meanwhile Attila had reached the See also:

• LOIRE

Loire and was besieging the strong city of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans . The citizens, under the leadership of their bishop Anianus, made a heroic defence, but the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was on the point of being taken when, on the 24th of See also:

• JUNE

June, the allied Romano-See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic army was seen on the See also:

• HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing)

horizon . Attila, who knew the difficulty that he should have in feeding his immense army if his See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march was further delayed, turned again to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-east, was persuaded by the See also:

• VENERABLE (Lat. venerabilis, worthy of reverence, venerari, to reverence, to worship, allied to Venus, love; the Indo-Germ. root is wen-, to desire, whence Eng. " win, properly to struggle for, hence to gain)

venerable bishop See also:

• LUPUS (Lat. lupus, wolf)
• LUPUS, PUBLIUS RUTILIUS

Lupus to spare the city of See also:

• TROYES

Troyes, but halted near that place in the Catalaunian plains and offered See also:

• BATTLE

battle to his pursuers Aetius and Theodoric . The battle which followed—certainly one of the decisive battles of the See also:

• WORLD

world—has been well described by the Gothic historian Jordanes as " ruthless, manifold, immense, obstinate." It lasted for the whole See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and the number of the slain is variously stated at 175,000 and 300,000 . All such estimates are, of course, untrustworthy, but there is no doubt that the carnage was. terrible .

The Visigothic king was slain, but the victory, though, hardly earned, remained with his See also:

• PEOPLE

people and his allies . Attila did not venture to renew the engagement on the morrow, but retreated, apparently in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, on the Rhine, recrossed that river and returned to his Pannonian See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . From thence in the spring of 452 he again set forth to ravage or to conquer . See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . Her great See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion Aetius showed less See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy in her cause than he had shown in his defence of Gaul . After a stubborn contest, Attila took and utterly destroyed See also:

• AQUILEIA

Aquileia, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief city 'of See also:

• VENETIA

Venetia, and then proceeded on his destructive course, capturing and burning the cities at the head of the Adriatic, See also:

• CONCORDIA
• CONCORDIA (mod. Concordia Sagittaria)

Concordia, See also:

• ALTINUM (mod. Altino)

Altinum and See also:

• PATAVIUM (mod. Padova, Eng. Padua, q.v.)

Patavium (See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua) . The fugitives from these cities, but especially from the last, seeking shelter in the lagoons of the Adriatic, laid the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of that which was one day to become the glorious city of See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice . Upon See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan and the cities of western See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of Attila seems to have weighed more lightly, plundering rather than utterly destroying; and at last when See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo I., at the head of a deputation of Roman senators, appeared in his camp on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Mincio, entreating him not to pursue his victorious career to the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates of Rome, he yielded to their entreaties and consented to See also:

• CROSS

cross the See also:

• ALPS

Alps, with a menace, however, of future return, should the wrongs of Honoria remain unredressed . As he himself jokingly said: he knew how to conquer men, but the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion and the See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

Wolf (Leo and Lupus) were too strong for him . No further expeditions to Italy were undertaken by Attila, who died suddenly in 453, in the See also:

• NIGHT

night following a great banquet which celebrated his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with a damsel named Ildico . Notwithstanding some rumours of violence it is probable that his death was natural and due to his own intemperate habits . Under his name of Etzel, Attila plays a great See also:

• PART

part in Teutonic See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend (see See also:

• NIBELUNGENLIED, or DER NIBELUNGE NOT

NIBELUNGENLIED) and under that of Atli in Scandinavian See also:

• SAGA (literally a story committed to writing)

Saga, but his historic lineaments are greatly obscured in both .

He was See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of stature, swarthy and broad-chested, with a large head which early turned See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey, snub See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose and deep-set eyes . He walked with proud step, darting a haughty glance this way and that as if he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt himself See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of all . The chief authorities for the See also:

• LIFE

life of Attila are Priscus, Jordanes, the Historia Miscella, See also:

• APOLLONIUS

Apollonius Sidonius and See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory of See also:

• TOURS

Tours . (T .